tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64076509357425755502024-03-14T09:25:16.960+03:00Thianyu BlogRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.comBlogger225125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-27998777833761363582019-07-06T03:36:00.000+03:002019-07-06T03:36:43.294+03:00THE FEAR OF REJECTIONThis is a major negative habit. The block to fulfilling your major potential is <i>compulsive</i> negative habit pattern, the fear rejection or criticism. This habit pattern is learned when a child becomes a victim of conditional love.<div>
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In an attempt to control and manipulate their children, parents often make their love conditional on the child doing exactly what they want, when they want it, in a way that the parent expects it. The growing child dependent on the on the love of his parents for his sense of security learns that he's safe only when he does what mum and dad want.</div>
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Since a child's need for security is an overwhelming need in the formative years, he soon begins to conform his behaviour to the demands of his parents.</div>
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When the child grows up, this inhibitive behaviour, the fear of rejection and criticism, triggered by the threatened withdrawal of love or approval, causes him to become hypersensitive to the opinions of others.</div>
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In extreme cases, he can't make a decision without worrying about whether other people in his life will completely approve his decision. He feels extremely uncomfortable at the very idea of making any kind of a decision in which someone else might disapprove of or criticise him.</div>
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JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-28545103947489507412013-04-24T10:04:00.001+03:002013-04-24T10:04:06.836+03:00IN THE SUPREME COURT OF KENYA AT NAIROBI<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">REPUBLIC OF KENYA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF KENYA AT NAIROBI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">(Coram:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>W.M. Mutunga, Chief Justice and President of
the Supreme Court; P.K. Tunoi; M.K. Ibrahim; J.B. Ojwang; S.C. Wanjala;N.S.
Ndungu, SCJJ.)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">PETITION NO. 5 OF 2013<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">-BETWEEN-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">RAILAODINGA
….……………………….…………………..………..PETITIONER<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-AND-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 69.7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 262.5pt; margin-top: -.2pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; v-text-anchor: top; visibility: visible; width: 7.15pt; z-index: 251658240;" type="#_x0000_t88"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>THE INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">AND BOUNDARIES COMMISSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2. AHMED ISSACK HASSAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>….……...….RESPONDENTS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UHURU KENYATTA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WILLIAM SAMOEI RUTO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">AS
CONSOLIDATED WITH PETITION NO. 3 OF 2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-BETWEEN-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1.
MOSES KIARIE KURIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2.DENIS
NJUE ITUMBI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>……………....…..PETITIONERS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">3.
FLORENCE JEMATIAH SERGON<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-AND-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1.
AHMED ISSACK HASSAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>…….…….…….RESPONDENTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>THE INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>AND BOUNDARIES COMMISSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">AND AS CONSOLIDATED WITH
PETITION NO. 4 OF 2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-BETWEEN-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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" o:spid="_x0000_s1029" style="height: 40.9pt; left: 0; margin-left: 245.5pt; margin-top: 1.55pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; v-text-anchor: top; visibility: visible; width: 3.6pt; z-index: 251663360;" type="#_x0000_t88"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GLADWELL WATHONI OTIENO<o:p></o:p></span></b></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2.
ZAHID RAJAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>..……………………..PETITIONERS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-AND-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD
OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893
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1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC8BAABfcmVscy8ucmVsc1BLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAHi2w5
gAIAACwFAAAOAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC4CAABkcnMvZTJvRG9jLnhtbFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQBB
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" o:spid="_x0000_s1030" style="height: 54pt; left: 0; margin-left: 244.8pt; margin-top: 6.2pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; v-text-anchor: top; visibility: visible; width: 5.05pt; z-index: 251664384;" type="#_x0000_t88"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1.
AHMED ISSACK HASSAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>THE INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">AND
BOUNDARIES COMMISSION<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>…….……….….RESPONDENTS
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">3.
UHURU KENYATTA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">4.
WILLIAM SAMOEI RUTO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u style="text-underline: double;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">JUDGMENT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 4<sup>TH</sup>
MARCH, 2013:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[1]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the 4<sup>th</sup>
of March, 2013, Kenya held its first General Election since the promulgation of
the new Constitution on 27<sup>th</sup> August 2010. The Constitution was a
culmination of the efforts of the Kenyan people to bring about a more
progressive governance set-up. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kenyans
affirmed the new Constitution as </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">the
supreme law of the Republic, which binds all persons and all State organs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[2]All
powers to be exercised in public functions, therefore, must flow from the Constitution.
Indeed, judicial authority, under Article 159 (1)of the Constitution, is
derived from the people and vests in, and shall be exercised by the courts and
tribunals established under this Constitution. Additionally, national values
and principles of governance, as set out in Article 10 of the Constitution,
underpin the conduct of governance in every respect. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[3] The
Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) was created by Article
88 of the Constitution, for the management of the country’s electoral
processes.It is conferred with the responsibility for conductingfree, fairand
transparent elections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March, 2013 were the first in Kenya to
attempt to use electronic facilitation. The IEBC, at various stages of the
election, deployed the following technologies: (i) Biometric Voter
Registration (BVR) during voter registration; (ii) Electronic Voter
Identification (EVID) on polling day; and (iii) Results Transmission System
(RTS) during tallying. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[5] On 19<sup>th</sup> November, 2012, the IEBC began a
voter registration exercise, which culminated in approximately 14 million
voters being registered.On 4<sup>th</sup> March, 2013 voters went to the polls
in significant numbers. A record 86% of registered voters were reported to have
participated in the General Elections. After the polls officially closed on that
day, the IEBC began the process of vote tallying, and the results were then
broadcast to the public.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">DECLARATION OF RESULTS, AND THE ENSUING
PETITIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[6]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On 9<sup>th</sup>
March, 2013, five days after the General Elections were held, the Chairman of
the IEBC, Mr. Issack Hassan (second Respondent), announced that Mr. Uhuru
Kenyatta had received 6,173,433 votes out of a total of 12,338,667 (50.07% of
all the votes cast), while Mr. Raila Odinga (the petitioner) had received
5,340,546 votes (43.31% of the votes cast). Pursuant to Article 138(4) of the
Constitution, Mr. Hassan declared Mr. Uhuru Kenyatta, the President-elect.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[7]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Subsequent to
the announcement, three petitions challenging the results of the Presidential
elections were filed at the Supreme Court.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petition
No. 3 of 2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[8]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On 14<sup>th</sup>
March 2013, Petitioners Moses Kiarie Kuria, Denis Njue Itumbi and Flowrence
Jematiah Sergon filed a petition against the IEBC as the 1<sup>st</sup>respondent,
and Mr. Isaack Hassan. The basis of the petition was that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the respondents’ decisionto include rejected votes in the final tally
had a prejudicial effect on the percentage votes won by Mr. Kenyatta.</i>The petitioners
asserted that the secondrespondent’s actions were in contravention of Articles
36(b) and 138(c) of the Constitution, and Rule 77(1) of the Elections (General)
Regulations, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petition
No. 4 of 2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[9]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second
Petition was filed by Gladwell Wathoni Otieno and Zahid Rajan on 16<sup>th</sup>
March, 2013, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">against the IEBC as the
1<sup>st</sup> respondent, Mr. Issack Hassan as the 2<sup>nd</sup> respondent,
Mr. Uhuru Kenyatta as the 3<sup>rd</sup> respondent and Mr. William Ruto as the
4<sup>th</sup> respondent. The P</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">etitionersaver that the
election was not conducted substantially in accordance with the Constitution, or
the Elections Act and the governing Regulations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[10]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In particular, the
Petitioners aver that the IEBC failed to establish and maintain an accurate
Voter Register that was publicly available, verifiable and credible as required
by Articles 38(3), 81(d), 83(2),86 and 88(4) of the Constitution, sections 3,
4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the Elections Act, 2011 and the Elections (Registration of
Voters) Regulations, 2012. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 301.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[11]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Petitioners,in addition,claim that the true number of registered
voters is unknown and, therefore, the IEBC did not have an accurate voters’
register.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They assert that the 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup>respondents repeatedly changed the official number of
registered voters. The Petitioners further assert that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the absence of a credible Principal Voter Register vitiates the
validity of the Presidential elections.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[12] The Petitioners further assert that the electoral
management system adopted by the IEBC was complex and had many shortfalls,
contrary to the constitutional requirement that it be a simple, accurate,
verifiable, secure, accountable and transparent system. In particular, the Petitioners
aver that the IEBC failed to meet the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mandatory
legal requirement to electronically transmit election results.</i>The Petitioners
aver that the failure of the electronic system put in place by the IEBC and
their failure to electronically transmit election results affected the validity
of the Presidential elections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[13] The Petitioners aver that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
respondents did not discharge their obligation under the Constitution, because
the tallying and verification of the results did not happen at the polling
stations; there was no electronic transmission of provisional results; and
party agents were excluded from the National Tallying Centre.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[14]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioners
further aver that the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">violated the Constitution and the Public Procurement and Disposal Act
(Cap. 412C, Laws of Kenya),</i> by awarding the tender to an unqualified bidder
who then supplied devices that did not work properly, or simply failed, on
election day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petition
No. 5 of 2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[15]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The third
Petition was filed by Mr. Raila Odinga on 16<sup>th</sup> March, 2013</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> against the IEBC as the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent,
Mr. Isaack Hassan as the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent, Mr. Uhuru Kenyatta as the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent and Mr. William Ruto as the 4<sup>th</sup> Respondent. </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ThePetitioner
avers that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">electoral process was so
fundamentally flawed that it precluded the possibility of discerning whether
the presidential results declared were lawful.</i>The Petitioner seeks relief
from this Court pursuant to Articles 2, 6, 10, 38, 73, 82, 86, 259, 260 of the
Constitution; the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission Act, 2011
(Act No. 9 of 2011); Regulations 59(1), 79 and 82 of the Elections (General)
Regulations 2012; the Elections Act, 2011 (Act No. 24 of 2011) and Sections 4
and 25 of the IEBC Act, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[16]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioner
avers that the first and second Respondents did not carry out a valid voter
registration, in contravention of Article 83 of the Constitution, and Section
3(2) of the Elections Act, 2011 because their official tally of registered
voters changed several times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
resulted in the final total number of registered voters differing materially
from what was in the Principal Register.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[17]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioner also
avers that the first respondent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">failed to
carry out a transparent, verifiable, accurate and accountable election as required
by Articles 81, 83 and 88 of the Constitution. </i>The Petitioner asserts that
there were several anomalies that occurred in the process of manual tallying,
such as: the votes cast in several polling stations exceeding the number of
registered voters; differences between results posted and the results released
by the first Respondent; the use of unsigned Form 36 to declare the results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[18] The Petitioner further avers that the electronic
systems acquired and adopted by the first Respondent to facilitate the General
Election were poorly designed and implemented, and destined to fail. Due to the
failure of the system, the first Respondent was unable to transmit the results
of the elections, in contravention of Regulation 82 of the Elections (General)
Regulations, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Consolidation
of Petitions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">[19] On 25<sup>th</sup> March 2013, by the directions
of the Supreme Court, the three <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Petitions were consolidated. The Court further ordered
that </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
file for Petition No. 5 be deemed to be the pilot file for the recording of all
proceedings and for rendering the final decision.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> The Court gave the following directions with respect
to parties in the consolidated petitions: t</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">he Petitioner in Petition No. 5
of 2013 to be referred to as the first Petitioner; the Petitioners in Petition
No. 4 of 2013 to be jointly referred to as the second Petitioner; the
Petitioner in Petition No. 3 of 2013 to be jointly referred to as the third Petitioner;
the respondents to remain as in Petition No.5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">AGREED
ISSUES FOR TRIAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[20<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">] Prior to the
pre-trial conference, the Court drafted a summary of the issues and served this
upon the parties for scrutiny and consideration. This was the basis of
agreement on issues for trial, which may be summarized as follows:<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Whether
the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> Respondents were validly elected and
declared as President-elect and Deputy President-elect respectively, in the
Presidential elections held on the 4<sup>th</sup> of March, 2013. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[This
is the crux of the case].<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Whether
the Presidential election held on March 4<sup>th</sup>, 2013 was conducted in a
free, fair, transparent and credible manner in compliance with the provisions
of the Constitution and all relevant provisions of the law.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Whether the rejected votes ought to have
been included in determining the final tally of votes in favour of each of the
Presidential-election candidates by the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What
consequential declarations, orders and reliefs this Court should grant based on
the determination of the Petition.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 19.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -19.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION VOTE-TALLY: IS
“REJECTED VOTES” RELEVANT IN COMPUTING PERCENTAGES?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 19.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Background<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[21]
Petition No. 3 seeks to challenge the decision by the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent
to include “rejected votes” in the tallying process when calculating the
percentage of votes in favour of each candidate. The Petitioner alleges that
this decision was unlawful and had the prejudicial effect of reducing the
percentage of votes won by Hon. Uhuru Kenyatta. The Respondents, on their part,
aver that the Constitution does not expressly provide that rejected votes
should not be counted in the computation of the threshold percentage for a win.
Having sought and received divergent legal opinions on the issue, the Respondents
now urge the Court to settle the issue, as it is likely to arise in future
elections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[22]
The specific questions to be answered in this claim are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Whether in determining that a candidate has met the
threshold stipulated in Article 138 (4) (a) of the Constitution, the term “all
the votes cast” includes (i) only valid votes, or (ii) both valid and rejected
votes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Should a ballot paper that has been rejected under the
provisions of Regulation 77 of the Elections (General) Regulations, 2011, and
has been categorized as being “void”, be capable of being factored in, during
the tallying process?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Petitioners’
Case</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[23] The
Petitioners state that “rejected votes” were erroneously factored into the
tallying system by the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent, and that this has had the
prejudicial effect of reducing the percentage of votes won by Uhuru Kenyatta,
and keeping his tally only slightly above the threshold for a win. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[24] The
Petitioners state that, at the commencement of transmission of Presidential election
results, the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent excluded rejected votes from the
computation of the percentage of the votes cast. They state that the common
understanding at this stage was that the votes cast as envisaged by Article 138
of the Constitution included only ballots that constituted valid votes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[25] They
further assert that in calculating the percentage attributable to each
candidate, the Respondents erroneously and unlawfully used a format that
included rejected votes as a basis for determining whether a candidate had met
the threshold stipulated in Article 138(4) (a) of the Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[26] They
aver that Rule 77 (1) of the Election (General) Regulations, 2012 states that,
rejected ballot papers shall be void and shall not be counted. Consequently,
the results announced at each polling station as contemplated by Articles 86
(b) and 138 (3) of the Constitution, cannot include rejected votes among the
results announced in favour of any candidate.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> The Petitioners contend
that Rule 77 (1) of the Election (General) Regulations, 2012 states that,
rejected ballot papers shall be void and shall not be counted. Consequently the
results announced at each polling station as contemplated by Articles 86 (b)
and 138 (3) of the Constitution, cannot include rejected votes among the
results announced in favour of any candidate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[27] In the submissions, Mr. Regeru, counsel for the Petitioners,</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lohit Hindi"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"> based
his arguments on several points, which he urged the Court to use as tools of
analysis, in reaching a conclusion in the matter: one being the law as stated
in the Constitution, Article 259; and Section 109(1)(p) of the Elections Act
2012;another being arguments based on common sense and logic; and another still,
the legal opinions filed as evidence; yet another, being the practice of the 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents; and another still, comparative practice in
other jurisdictions. They urge that improperly-marked ballots should be
rejected and not factored into the counting and tallying of votes. They rely on
the case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Popular Democratic Movement v. Electoral Commission, Constitutional
Case No. 16 of 2011</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,</i> where the
Seychelles Constitutional Court (Burhan, J.), being faced with the question
whether a rejected vote could be considered a “cast vote”, held that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lohit Hindi"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">“Rejected
ballot papers are not to be counted as ‘votes’, therefore the term ‘votes cast’
cannot and will not include ‘rejected’ ballot papers”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lohit Hindi"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Responses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lohit Hindi"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[28] Mr.
Ngatia, learned counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent, in oral submissions,
founded his client’s case on certain facts:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>t</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ransmission
of results started on the evening of 4<sup>th</sup> March 2013; electronic
results were transmitted without factoring in the rejected votes, and a stage was
reached when the rejected votes on the electronic board had accumulated to the
figure of 300,000; so in a real sense, they became “candidate number 3,” after
the 1<sup>st</sup> candidate and the 2<sup>nd</sup> candidate; members of a
rival political party then wrote a letter to the Respondent, requesting that
rejected votes be factored in the computation of percentages; to factor in the
rejected votes would mean that a candidate who had a 53% lead <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">could </i>come down to 49%; and such a
situation would then occasion a run-off election between the two leading
Presidential election candidates. Mr. Ngatia submitted that, towards the
evening of 5<sup>th</sup> of March, the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent announced
that, thenceforth, the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent would depart from its previous
position and now factor in the rejected votes. He submitted that this announcement
was made without giving any other Presidential election candidates an
opportunity to be heard; and that all the legal opinions given, vindicated his
complaints.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[29] Mr. Ngatia urged that the Constitution, in Article 138,
makes reference to “votes that are cast”. But from the Elections Act, confusion
is apparent; as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vote</i> is equated to
a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ballot paper.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[30] Mr. Ngatia submitted that a ballot paper is nothing
more than an instrument to convey the choice of a voter; and a vote is the
definable and ascertainable ballot paper; once the ballot has been translated into
a valid choice, it becomes a vote.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
submitted that there cannot be a vote which is invalid, what is invalid is a
ballot paper; and, as a vote is a defined choice, a ballot which does not
translate into a vote is nothing more than a ballot which is rejected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[31] Mr. Ngatia submitted that rejected votes should never
be the basis for triggering a run-off election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[32] Mr. Kigen, learned counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent, also urged that the prospect of a ballot paper acquiring the character
of a vote is conditional on it clearly showing the choice and preference of the
voter. As long as the document deposited in the ballot box does not clearly
show what the intention of the voter is, then it should not be included as a
vote and should not be allowed as part of the tallying, in ascertaining winning
margins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[33] Counsel contends that the inclusion of rejected votes <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">can only</i> work against a candidate with
more votes, and not to the disadvantage of the runner-up. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[34]
Mr. Oraro, learned counsel for the Petitioner in Petition No. 5, submitted that
Article 138(4) of the Constitution means what it says: there is no
qualification to the phrase “votes cast”; thus all votes cast must be included
whether valid or rejected, in the computation of the percentage threshold for a
win. He argued that if the drafters intended that only a certain category of
votes would be considered for purposes of determining whether the winning
percentage threshold had been met, nothing would have been easier than to stipulate
so.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[35] He remarks a signal
by this Court that, it is not tenable to ascribe meanings to constitutional
provisions through the sheer craft of interpretation, or by way of Endeavour’s
to discern the intentions of Parliament, where the wording of legislation is
clear and entails<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>no ambiguity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[36] Mr. Oraro submitted
that the distinction given by Mr. Ngatia on ‘vote’ and ‘ballot paper,’ is a distinction
without a difference: as what is defined in the Elections Act is a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ballot paper</i>; ballot paper means paper used
to record the choice made by voters and shall include an electronic version of
a ballot paper, or its equivalent for the purposes of electronic voting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[37] Counsel further submitted
that the argument by the Petitioners for excluding rejected votes is based upon
a Regulation; and so the position urged was that the Constitution should be
made to fit the terms of subsidiary legislation:a proposition to be rejected,
as regulations cannot be used to interpret a provision of the Constitution which
is the supreme law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[38] Mr. Oraro submitted that
Regulation 77 of the Elections (General) Regulations, 2012 does not require the
exclusion of rejected votes in the final tally, for the purpose of determining
whether a Presidential election candidate has attained the threshold percentage
required by Article 138 of the Constitution. For Regulation 77 (e) prescribes
when a ballot paper is to be rejected, and is not to be attributable to any of
the candidates, nor feature in the aggregate tally for the candidate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[39] Mr. Oraro submitted
that whether a ballot paper has been rejected and void, for purposes of being
attributed to any one particular candidate, does not and cannot change the fact
that it was a “vote cast”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[40]
Learned counsel, Mr. Ndubi for the 2<sup>nd</sup> petitioner, agreed with the 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner’s position, and urged that the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 had the clear
intention to repeal and replace the Constitution of Kenya, 1969 which has been in
force. The former Constitution had provided that “the candidate for
President….and who </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">receives a greater number of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">valid votes</b> in the presidential
election than any other candidate…” So, to determine the winner in Presidential
elections, the reference was to “valid votes”; and this is now replaced with
“votes cast” – an expression so broad as to include “rejected votes”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[41] For
the Respondents, counsel submitted that the decision to include “rejected votes”
in the elections was made in good faith, based on a literal interpretation of Article
138 (4), as read together with Articles 86 (b) and 38 (b) of the Constitution:
and these Articles do not provide that rejected votes should not be counted, or
considered in the computation of Presidential election vote-percentages,
envisaged under Article 138 (4) of the Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 19.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-indent: -19.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">THE VOTERS’ REGISTER: DID
IT AFFECT THE VALIDITY OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 19.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The Petitioners’ Case <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[42] Lead counsel, Mr. George Oraro, made submissions on the
role of technology in relation to voter registration. He submitted that the first
Respondent had adopted the “BVR” (Biometric Voter Registration), a computer-based
registration solution. This involves biometric technology, which uses computer
finger-print scanners and digital cameras to capture the bio-data of an
applicant; such personal details of finger-prints and face photo technology are
used to verify the authenticity of the voter, and to ensure greater transparency
and credibility in the elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[43] The Petitioner submitted that the first Respondent had represented
to the public that the BVR system would ensure quick and precise voter
identification, and this would guarantee credible election and prevent fraud. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[44] Counsel focused his submissions on anomalies and
discrepancies in the number of registered voters occasioned by the use of a
plurality of voter registers. He submitted that, as of the 18<sup>th</sup>
December 2012, the total number of registered voters on the provisional Voter Register
was 14,333,339. The provisional register was then opened to the public for
inspection. This register was completed and confirmed by IEBC by Gazette Notice;
and it stood as the Principal Voter Register with a total of 14,352,545
registered voters. However, this number was inconsistent with the figure of 14,352,533
registered voters, by the first Respondent’s declaration of Presidential election
results on 9<sup>th</sup> March 2013. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[45] Mr. Oraro submitted that the IEBC tried to explain the
discrepancy in numbers by stating that the 14,352,533 were registered voters on
the Principal Register, but had not included 12 special cases from Soy
Constituency in Uasin Gishu County, as well as 31,318 persons registered in the
non-biometric special register. However, Mr. Oraro stated that this explanation
was not valid, as it entailed mathematical inconsistencies: 14,352,533 +12+31,318=14,383,863
– an inconsistency that was further compounded by the figure of 36,236 which
the third Respondent’s witness said was in the special register. Counsel
submitted that the said special register was never made public. Mr. Oraro submitted
that the lack of information from IEBC was contrary to Article 10(2) (c) of the
Constitution which provides that transparency is one of the national values and
principles of governance. Counsel urged that IEBC’s failure to publish the
information was also contrary to Section 27 (1) of the Independent Electoral and
Boundaries Commission Act, 2011(No. 9 of 2011) which provides that – <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">“The Commission shall publish and
publicize all important information within its mandate affecting the nation.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[46]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learned counsel,
Ms. Kethi Kilonzo, for the 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioner,entered upon her submission
by referring to the difference between the right to a free and fair election,
in the terms of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Article 38 (2) of the
Constitution, and the right to be registered as a voter and to vote, provided
for in Article 38 (3). She submitted that the right to vote is not an absolute
right but a conditional right, and that one condition attached to this right is
the requirement for the voter to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">registered</i>,
before exercising the right to vote. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[47] Counsel submitted that there can be no free and fair
elections if there is no credible register. She derived the definition of a
register from Section 2 of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elections
Act, 2011(No. 24 of 2011)</b>. By this provision, constituency register means:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“the
register of voters compiled in respect of each constituency by the Commission.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Section 2 of the same Act defines the principal register of
voters as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“a
current register of persons entitled to vote at an election prepared in accordance
with section 3 and includes a register that is compiled electronically.”<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[48]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Counsel
submitted that Section 3 of the Act provides that every citizen will be allowed
to exercise their right to vote, subject to Article 138 (3) of the
Constitution, if they are registered in the Principal Register of Voters. Based
on this provision, learned counsel submitted that there is only one register,
the Principal Register of Voters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
further submitted that Section 4 of the Act provides that there shall be a
register to be known as the Principal Register of Voters, which shall comprise
a polling station register, a ward register, a constituency register, a county Register
and the register of voters residing outside Kenya. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Outside this Register, counsel urged, the law does
not provide for any other register. She submitted that there was no provision
in the law for a special non-biometric register. Learned counsel submitted thatthe
use of the special register was a violation of the Constitution and the law.
She also stated that the validity of the Presidential election, and the right
to equality and to vote, was infringed by the use of this special register.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[49]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further, learned
counsel stated that there could be no additions to the Provisional Register as publicized
by the IEBC on the 18<sup>th</sup> December 2012. This is because Section 5 of
the Elections Act provides that there can be no registration of voters within 60
days of the first General Election. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[50]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Section 6 of the
Act provides that after fourteen days from the date of inspection of the
register of voters, IEBC is to compile, complete and publish a notice in the
Gazette, if an amendment of the register of voters is effected. Counsel
submitted that the special register of voters with biometrics should have been prepared
before the gazettement <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>process, and
published thereafter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[51]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the Indian
case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lakshmi Charansen and Others v A.K.M Hassan Uzzaman and Others,</i></b>1985
SCC (4) 689 SCALE 384, the Supreme Court considered the question of alterations
to electoral rolls.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The facts of the
case were based on a writ petition filed before the High Court in Calcutta
which alleged that the electoral rolls in the state of West Bengal had not been
properly revised for the purposes of the general elections. The Supreme Court
held that the erroneous inclusion or omission of the names of a few persons may
have serious consequences. But if <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a
considerable number of names</i> of such persons are either wrongly included
in, or excluded from the electoral roll, it will be of great consequence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Court also held that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“It
is true as submitted on behalf of the Election Commission, a perfect electoral
roll is not possible. But at the same time, it must be remembered that the name
of any eligible voter should not be omitted from, nor the name of any
disqualified person included in the electoral roll, in violation of any
constitutional or statutory provisions. The error, when pointed out, has to be
removed.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[52) Learned counsel, Mr. Oraro took up the issue of a
registration book known as the “Green Book,” used by IEBC; he urged that such a
book was not provided for in law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
submitted that there had been a number of anomalies in voter registration, as
in the case of Makueni Constituency, with different figures for registered
voters for different elective posts: the total number of registered voters in
the Principal Register of Voters is 64,708; for the Presidential seat is
64,708(as reported by IEBC during declaration of results); for the same
position, by <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Form 36, the figure is 64,525;
for the Governor seat, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">64,877; for Senator seat, 64,879 and for the National Assembly
seat, 64,976.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[53]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Counsel urged
that the election of the President in Makueni Constituency did not meet the
test of verifiability, accuracy, or credibility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[54] Miss Kilonzo urged thatin polling station No.083 in
Kieni Constituency, the total number of votes cast was 321,with 310 for the President-elect.Yet
the Principal Register published on the website of IEBC on the 24<sup>th</sup>
February 2013, showed only one registered voter in that polling station. The
presiding officer did not indicate thenumber of people who were registered to
vote in that polling station; and so a question remained as to whether these
results were valid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[55]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel relied
on case law to support her submissions. In the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indian
case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NP Ponnuswami v Returning Officer Nammakal Constituency</i></b> (1952)
SCR 218, the Baharul Islam J held in a dissenting judgment [at 529 C] that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“the
basis of a free and fair election is the voters list prepared in accordance
with the Representation of People Act of 1950 and the Registration of Voters
Rules of 1960. If this is not so done, the electoral rolls will have no
sanctity and consequently election will also not inspire the confidence of the
people.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[56]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Learned
Counsel, Mr. Oraro also invoked the Indian Supreme Court case <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Narendra
Madivalapa Kheni v. Manikarao Patil and Others</i></b>, Supreme Court of India
Civil Appeal No. 1114 of 1976, where the Court had to deal with alterations
made to the electors’ roll after the roll became final. The Court found and
held that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“there
is a blanket ban in Section 23 (3) on any amendment, transposition or deletion
of any [name]or the issuance of any direction for the inclusion of a name in
the electoral roll of a constituency [after] the last date for making
nominations for an election in that constituency. This prohibition is based on
public policy and serves a public purpose. Any violations of such mandatory
provision conceived to pre-empt scrambles to thrust into the rolls, after the
appointed time, fancied voters by anxious candidates or parties spells
invalidity and is in flagrant violation of section 23(3); names have been
included in the electoral roll, the bonus of such illegitimate votes shall not
accrue, since the vice of voidance must attach to such names. Such void votes
cannot help a candidate win the contest.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Responses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[57]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first and
second Respondents filed a joint replying affidavit sworn by Ahmed Isaack
Hassan on 19<sup>th</sup> March 2013. At paragraph 7 of the affidavit, the
first and second Respondents stated that the first Respondent, in exercise of
its mandate under Articles 86 and 88(4) of the Constitution, and Section 4(m)
of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries CommissionAct, had deployed
appropriate technology in the performance of its functions. One of the areas
where technology was employed was the registration of voters by use of the
Biometric Voter Register (BVR). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[58]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At paragraph 12
of this affidavit, it is deponed that the Biometric Voter Registration
technology was not meant to replace the legally required manual system of voter
registration, but was meant to provide an additional layer of efficiency and
integrity in the electoral processes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[59]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel for
IEBC submitted that this organization, with the concurrence of all
line-stakeholders, had opted to use the Biometric Voter Registration technology
in carrying out the voter registration exercise. It is submitted that in the
process of voter registration, the Commission, in accordance with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 83 of the Constitution,</b> put in
place appropriate mechanisms to ensure that all persons who presented
themselves for registration, were registered as voters. The first Respondent
referred to Article 83 (3) of the Constitution as the basis for having <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an all-inclusive voterregister.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[60]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Article 83 (3)
of the Constitution thus provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Administrative arrangements for the
registration of voters and the conduct of elections shall be designed to
facilitate, and shall not deny, an eligible citizen the right to vote or stand
for election.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[61]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Upon
completion of the voter registration exercise, the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Commission developed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the
Principal Register of Voters</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,</b>
which was used in the March 2013 General Elections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first Respondent’s case sought to rebut
three points raised by the Petitioners. The first Respondent responded to the assertion
that the voter registration exercise failed the people of Kenya, because the
registration process did not uphold the constitutional and statutory
requirements, and fell short of the standards set by international best
practice, by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">compromising the integrity
of the voter registration exercise. </i>The first Respondent sought to rebut the
presumption of the Petitioners, that Biometric Voter Registration was meant to
replace the manual registration process. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[62]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What constituted the Principal Register of
Voters? </i>In its submissions, the first Respondent referred the Court to the
definition of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Principal Register of
Voters</i> as provided under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Section 2
of the Elections Act 2011(No 24 of 2011).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>It is defined as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“a
current register of persons entitled to vote at an election prepared in
accordance with section 3 and this includes a register that is compiled
electronically”. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[63]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was the
first Respondent’s submission that a register compiled electronically is just a
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">component</i> of the Principal Register
of Voters. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[64] This submission was further elaborated by learned counsel
for the first Respondent, Mr. Nyamodi who outlined the three components of the
Principal Register of Voters,as set out below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(a)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Biometric Voter Register<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[65]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Nyamodi
referred to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">affidavit of Dismus
Ong’ondi</i> sworn on 19<sup>th</sup> March 2013, as part of the evidence
submitted in the first and second Respondents’ affidavit to Petition Number <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5 of 2013, to define the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biometric Voter Registration System</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>The deponent described himself as the
Director, Information and Technology of the first Respondent. He described the
BVR as a system that was used to register a voter’s ten fingers and capture the
face image. The biometrics are captured using this device of registration,
comprising a software, a laptop computer, a digital camera and a device to
capture fingerprints. The voter’s details as required to be captured in law,
were taken, and a record of the voter with biometrics was created. The
information captured was used in the compilation of the Principal Register of
Voters. This explanation was reiterated in the first and second Respondents’
written submissions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Special Register<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[66]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Learned counsel
Mr. Nyaoga, for the first Respondent, urged that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 54 of the Constitution</b> articulates the rights of persons
with disabilities. It was in respect of this provision, that the special
register, besides the biometric register, was developed. Mr. Nyaoga emphasised
that persons with disabilities are also protected under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 83 (3) of the Constitution</b>, which prescribes the components
of the register of voters. He submitted that such persons are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>also protected under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 81</b>, which bears the general principles of the electoral
system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[67]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Nyamodi
invoked <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 38(3) of the
Constitution</b>, as an important safeguard for the right to vote. This Article
stipulates:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1)....<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(2)….<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(3)
Every adult citizen has the right, without <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>unreasonable
restrictions …….<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>a) to be
registered as a voter;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>b) to
vote by secret ballot in any election or <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>referendum;
and<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c)
to be a candidate for public office, or office <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>withina
political party of which the citizen is a member and if elected, to hold
office.” <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[68]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Nyamodi
urged that the first Respondent, by dint of Article 88 of the Constitution,
enjoys the unfettered mandate to organise the conduct of elections and
referenda in Kenya and, specifically, to conduct the registration of voters;
the first Respondent has a free hand in the registration of voters, as provided
by Article 88 which states:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1) There is established the Independent
Electoral and Boundaries Commission.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(2) A person is not eligible for
appointment as <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a member of the
Commission if the person—<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(a) has, at any time within the preceding
five years, held office, or stood for election as—<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(i)
a member of Parliament or of a county assembly; or<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(ii)
a member of the governing body of a political party; or<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(b) holds any State office.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(3) A member of the Commission shall not
hold another public office.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(4)
The Commission is responsible for conducting or supervising referenda and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>elections to any elective body or office
established by this Constitution, and any other elections as prescribed by an
Act of Parliament and, in particular, for—<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(a)
the continuous registration of citizens as voters;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(b)
the regular revision of the voters’ roll;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(c)
the delimitation of constituencies and wards;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(d) the regulation of the
process by whichparties nominate candidates for elections;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(e) the settlement of electoral disputes, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>including disputes relating to or arising from
nominations but excluding election petitions and disputes subsequent to the
declaration of election results;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(f)
the registration of candidates for election; <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(g)
voter education;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(h) the facilitation of the observation,
monitoring and evaluation of elections;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(i) the regulation of the amount of money
that may be spent by or on behalf of a candidate or party in respect of any
election;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(j) the development of a code of conduct
for candidates and parties contesting elections; and<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(k) the monitoring of compliance with
thelegislation required by Article 82 (1) (b) relating to nomination of
candidates by parties.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“(5)
The Commission shall exercise its powers and perform its functions in
accordance with this Constitution and national legislation”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[69]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first
Respondent in its submissions, urged that voter registration is a critical tool
for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">enforcing universal suffrage</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,</b> by ensuring that every individual who
is eligible to vote is able to exercise his or her right to vote. It also
serves the principle of equal suffrage as it guarantees that every voter will
cast his or her ballot in parity with all other voters. Accordingly, the
special register was a tool aimed at ensuring that there was no
disenfranchisement of citizens who had the right to vote. It was the first
Respondent’s submission that the special register was also anchored on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 27 of the Constitution,</b> which
provides that every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal
protection and equal benefit of the law. It was, therefore, imperative to
ensure that the registration process was inclusive, and provided for measures
to include all persons. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[70]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was on the
basis of such constitutional guidelines, that the first Respondent developed
the special register. To this end, the first Respondent invoked the case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Georgian
Labour Party v. Georgia 9103/04 (2008) ECHR 1888. </i></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Court, in this matter, stated thus:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 54.4pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“The
Court considers that the proper management of electoral rolls is a
pre-condition for a free and fair ballot. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 54.4pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permitting
all eligible voters to be registered preserves, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inter alia,</b> the principles of universality and the equality of the
vote, and maintains general confidence in the State administration of electoral
processes” <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[71]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The special register was meant, according to
the firstRespondent, to serve a certain category of “special” persons:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>voters with disability: those whose fore-limbs
or <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>parts
of their fore-limbs were unavailable for the <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>purposes
of capturing their biometrics;<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>those who,
due to the nature of their work, had <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>either
their fingerprints scarred or those whose <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>fingerprints
had lost impression and could not be <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>captured.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the elderly, whose fingerprints, due to the
decrease in elasticity of their skin, could not be captured;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>twelve persons from Soi Constituency who
had been registered using the training codes and who had to be added to this
register. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[72]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr.
Nyamodi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>submitted that, over and above
the biometric and special registers, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary
data entry point,</i> which was done by hand, was the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Green Book</i>, otherwise known as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Primary Reference Book</i>. He elaborated that upon the completion of
the voter registration exercise, there emerged a need to clean up the register
to eliminate persons who had registered more than once, and persons who had not
used the requisite documents for registration, namely, a valid passport, or a
personal identity card. This clean-up exercise <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">created the duplicate register and the exceptional register</i>. The
persons in these two registers were not allowed to vote. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[73]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel
referred the Court to the affidavit of Immaculate Kassait, who elaborated the
process of voter registration. The deponent swore the affidavit as the Director,
Voter Registration Programme of the First Respondent.The deponent makes the
following averments:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Commission used a limited number of BVR kits <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>which necessitated the sharing of
these devices between <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>polling
stations within the same county.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was a
requirement that any person registering as a <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>voter should state their preferred
polling station. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the
course of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>registration, some voters were
<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>inadvertently assigned the wrong
polling stations.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
correct these errors, the Principal Register of Voters was opened for
inspection and verification to the Public,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pursuant to the provisions of Section 5 of
the Elections Act. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Commission then ordered a complete audit
of the Principal Register, as against the Green Book which was the primary
entry of data. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The persons assigned the wrong polling
stations were then assigned the correct ones, as indicated in the Green Book,
and these transfers factored into the Principal Register of Voters. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-right: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This verification exercise naturally resulted
in a variation between the number of registered voters in the provisional
register and the Principal Register. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On 18<sup>th</sup> February 2013, the
Commission held a meeting inwhich it realised that the provisional register was
only about 99.5% accurate, as it did not contain several names that had been
captured in the Green Book, which was the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>primary
reference document; for in some instances, the BVR kits had either been damaged
or dis-configured and could not relay the data captured in them. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-right: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
Commission, in a bid to ensure that all the persons who had presented
themselves for registration were not disenfranchised owing to the failure of
the BVR kits, resolved to allow the persons in these special circumstances to
vote, upon verification of their data. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-right: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Commission certified the Principal
Register, subject to this resolution. Minutes of the Commission’s meeting with
respect to this meeting were provided. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-right: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
resolution was communicated to the political party <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>agents by the Commission Liaison Committee.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The use of the Green Book in the affected polling stations <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>resulted in an upward variation in the
registered voters at the affected polling stations. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[74]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first
Respondent in its submissions, stated that the figure of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">14,337,399 </b>registered voters was a provisional figurewhich did not
include the persons without biometrics, duplicates, exceptionals; and data not
yet collected from BVR kits around the country. The special register contained a
list of 36,236 individuals. There was also a further correction of 30,000
voters who were excluded from the main register due to operator-errors to do
with double entry, and 13,237 of these were added to the main register. In Soi,
twelve people were excluded from the main register, as they had been added onto
the system through a test account, but were later transferred to the main
register. The total number of registered voters across the country was,
therefore, 14,352,545. In certain polling stations, such as NCCand Ngong, there
was voter movement occurring before the polling date, due to operator- error.
The total number of registered voters in this register was, therefore,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>14,352,284.The variance between the two
main operational registers is 261, a margin of error of 0.0018% which,
according to the first Respondent, can be considered materially insignificant. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[75]<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>Were alterations made to the Voter
Register after the certification of the Register?Mr. Nyamodi submitted that
alterations or additions may have been made after the 18<sup>th</sup> February
2013. He added however that these alterations were made pursuant to the
Commission’s mandate under Regulation 12 (3) of the Elections (Registration of
Voters) Regulations, 2012: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Regulation 12 (3) states that the Commission
may amend the Register of voters after it is certified to the extent necessary
to reflect the result of determination of any claim, orappeal that was pending
at the time the register was certified”. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[76]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>According to
the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent, this Regulation empowers the Commission to amend
the register even after the certification, in view of the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">100% audit, and the verification process which took place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[77]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Nyamodi
submitted that the Principal Voter Register existed, and was determinable and
verifiable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He submitted that the
decisions made by the first Respondent to come up with the Voter Register was
done so as to ensure that all the persons who had presented themselves to
register as voters before the deadline, got an opportunity to vote and exercise
their rights under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Articles 38 (2) </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> (3) of the Constitution. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[78]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The case of the
2<sup>nd</sup>Respondent was advanced by learned counsel Mr. Ahmednassir
Abdullahi and Mr. Kamau Karori, who took turns in making submissions. The 2<sup>nd</sup>respondent
urged this Court to exercise <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">judicial
restraint</i> in the discharge of its mandate, in the sphere of Presidential election
disputes. Mr. Abdullahi focused his attention on the broader issues of judicial
adjudication in the political and constitutional domains. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(These arguments are analysed further on).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[79]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent
asked the Court to note that there were six different elections held on the
same day, including that for the office of the President: and that the
requirements of registration applied equally to all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[80]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Ngatia,
learned counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent, submitted that it was a
principle guiding the preparation of the Voter Register, that the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent
should make every effort to ensure that all qualified citizens of Kenya are
able to register as voters, and able to vote during elections and referenda. He
specified the relevant provisions of the law: Articles 10(a), 10(b), 38(3)(a),
88(4)(a), 138(3)(a) of the Constitution, which also express the values and
principles of democracy and the participation of the people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[81]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent
maintained that the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission had
conducted its affairs <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in a
transparent manner, by issuing press statements, and availing on its website
notices and information regarding all aspects of the electoral process,
including the registration of voters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[82]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent
asserts that as far as he is aware, the Principal Register of Voters
established under Section 4 (1) of the Elections Act, was prepared in full
compliance with the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>provisions
of that Act, and the Elections (Registration of Voters) Regulations, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[83]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Winifred Guchu,
in her affidavit in support of the 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent’s response, averred
that all stakeholders in the electoral process, including the Petitioner and
his party ODM, had participated in, and were fully informed by the first
Respondent about the voter registration exercise and the various steps taken to
assure the integrity, accuracy, impartiality, efficiency, simplicity and
security of voter registration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[84]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>She further
avers that on the basis of the aforesaid assurance, the Jubilee Coalition and
the CORD Coalition used the voter register prepared by the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent
to conduct nomination of candidates as stipulated in Part III of the Elections
Act, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[85]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of the
Petitioner’s claim that the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent had maintained multiple
registers, this Respondent averred that he used only one Voter Register, during
the elections held on 4<sup>th</sup> March 2013, which had copies extracted
from the Biometric Voter Registration system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[86]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent
averred that the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent had taken robust steps to involve
members of the public, and the Political Parties, in verifying the integrity
and accuracy of the Voter Register – including the publication of a notice
dated 18<sup>th</sup> February 2013 informing all stakeholders that the
compilation of the Principal Register of Voters had been completed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[87]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ms. Guchu
averred that the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent published a notice informing the
public that it would hold countrywide public sensitization on the use of the
BVR kits on 12<sup>th</sup> November, 2012 at several venues; and that it would
release the data extracted from the Voter Register. This data was set out in
various forms to provide voter numbers in allpolling stations, and to give statistics
of voters without biometrics per constituency, as well as a detailed voter
registration analysis, and details with regard to expected daily enrolment for
the period between 19<sup>th</sup> November 2012 and 26<sup>th</sup> November
2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[88]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ms. Guchu avers
that all political parties received a copy of the provisional register of
voters in the form of a CD-ROM, which <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>she
annexes to her affidavit, together with the e-mail communications by the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent
to political parties. And she deposes that in one of the meetings, all
political parties agreed that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in the
event of failure of the electronic voter identifying device (EVID), the
print-out from the electronic register would be used in the election.</i>The
print-out would be made available at every polling station. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[89]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ms. Guchu adds
that in yet another meeting, the political parties complained that some of
their supporters had encountered difficulties with the register during the
nomination exercise. Their complaints were that some names were missing from
the electronic register, while they had registration acknowledgement-slips from
the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent. The 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent explained that these
were names of people whose biometric details had not been captured, or were
captured but subsequently lost. Those details were retained in the manual
register. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[90]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent
subsequently provided all the political parties with a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">complementary list of registered voters</i> capturing the details of
all the voters whose biometrics were missing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>complementary list
of this category of voters had a total of 36,236 registered voters. There was
no objection from any political party concerning this complementary register.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[91]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ms. Guchu deposes that the allegation in
Janet Ong’era’s affidavit in support of Petition No. 5 0f 2013, to the effect
that the Voter Register was tampered with after the registration period had
ended, so as to confer a benefit upon the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent, is not
truthful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[92]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent,
in his affidavit, recounts the occasion of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>a press briefing at a meeting chaired by the Coalition for Reforms and
Democracy’s (CORD) Presidential candidate, in which that party urges that IEBC
should revert to a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">manual voter
registration process,</i> since the electronic system appeared to be
unreliable. The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent submits that the Petitioner cannot, in
the circumstances, claim the IEBC deliberately set up the electronic system to
fail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[93]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent
seeks to rely on the opinion of the Canadian High Commissioner which indicates
that the IEBC had considered preparing a manual voter registration system after
the procurement of the BVR system became contentious. He further submits that
the Cabinet, supervised by the Petitioner in Petition No. 5 of 2013, had set up
a committee to assist the IEBC to procure the BVR system within a short
time-frame. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[94]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He avers that
registration of voters in Kenya is manual, since a person walks to a registration
centre to register himself or herself, and such registration is not done
electronically.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[95] Counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent invoked the
Ugandan case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">V.K. Bategana v. E. L. Mushemeza</i>, </b>Election Petition No. 1
of1996 (HCU) (unreported), in which<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">non-compliance</i>
with certain provisions of the Parliamentary Election (Interim Provisions)
Statute, 1996 was held <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not to affect the
results of the election</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
non-compliance in that election included failure to display the Voters’
Register, and voting by persons not registered.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[96]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Katwa Kigen,
learned counsel for the 4<sup>th</sup>Respondent, submitted that a “register”
cannot be treated as a record cast instone; it should, instead, be perceived as
an instrument used by the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent to ascertain the number of
registered voters eligible to vote, and it need not be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one </b>register.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He submits
that Article 38 of the Constitution entitles every adult citizentobe registered
as a voter, and to vote.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[97]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Kigen
further submitted that, in accordance with Article 83 (3), of the Constitution,
administrative structures set up for purposes of the conduct of elections,
should not deny a person the right to vote.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He further urges that Article 138 (3)(a) stipulates that all persons
registered as voters are entitled to vote in the elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[98]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Kigen
submitted that all persons involved in the process of ensuring that
implementation of the electoral laws, including IEBC, are required to ensure
that an individual who registered to vote and who presents himself or herself
to vote on the day of the elections, is given an opportunity to do so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[99] Mr. Kigen submitted that the Voters’ Register is
compiled under s. 4 of the Elections Act, whereas the registration and revision
process is governed by s. 5 of the same Act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These two provisions are, however, subject to the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">provisions of the Constitution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[100]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr.Kigen
submitted that the definition of the Principal Register of Voters under Section
2 of the Elections Act, indicates that the register contemplated is not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one</b> register, but rather,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">several registers</i>. The 4<sup>th</sup> Respondent
avers that the provisions relating to registration of voters do not indicate
that for a person to exercise his or her right to vote, his or her name must be
in the “Principal Register.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[101]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Further, the 4<sup>th</sup>
Respondent submitted that the register must be current, must facilitate voting
by electors, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">includes</i> a register
that is electronically compiled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr.
Kigen noted that the word “include” infers that it is not one register that is
contemplated by section 4 of the Elections Act, which provides that there shall
be a Principal Register of Voters that shall “comprise of” a poll register in
respect of every polling station, a ward register in respect of every ward, a
constituency register in respect of every constituency, a county register in
respect of every county, and a register of voters for persons residing outside
Kenya. He avers that there are <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">five</b>
registers contemplated, and that the argument that there exists only one
register, is not founded in law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[102]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 4<sup>th</sup>Respondent
averred that IEBC discharged its obligations and acted in good faith, to ensure
that the elections were transparent, participatory and inclusive, by
maintaining <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>anup-to-date website, and engaging
in consultations with all political parties, including the Petitioner’s party, ODM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[103]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Kigen
invoked the Zambian case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anderson Kambala Mazoka vs Mwanawasa</i></b>Scz/Ep/01/02/03/2002,
in which the Court held that every person entitled to vote must be given an
opportunity to vote, if he presents himself at the polling <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>station. Counsel submitted that every
person registered as a voter is entitled to vote, and that the Petitioners must
adduce credible evidence establishing the wrong-doing they allege, with regard
to the register and the registration process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[104]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 4<sup>th</sup>Respondent
submitted that the test applicable is whether a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">majority of the voters were prevented from voting</i> fortheirpreferred
candidate, and whether the election was so flawed, or a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dereliction of duty</i> by the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent so seriously
affected the result, that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">it could no
longer be reasonably said to reflect the free choice and will of the majority of
the voters.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 19.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -19.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ELECTRONIC SUPPORT FOR THE ELECTORAL PROCESS:
ITS ROLE IN THE VALIDITY OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioners’ Case <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[105]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
The Petitioners’ claim is that all the electronic processes adopted by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IEBC failed. After the failure, they allege,
the Respondent resorted to manual systems, in contravention of the law. The
central claim revolves around the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">transmission
of results</i>, where both Petitioners claim that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Section 39 of the Elections Act 2011 (No. 24 of 2011)</i>as read with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regulation 82 of the Elections (General)
Regulations, 2012</i> create a mandatory obligation for the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>electronic transmission of results. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Section 39 of the Elections Act</i>states
that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(1)
The Commission shall determine, declare and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>publish
the results of an election immediately after close of polling.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(2)
Before determining and declaring the final results of an election under subsection
(1), the Commission may announce the provisional results of an election. <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(3)
The Commission shall announce the provisional and final results in the order in
which the tallying of theresults is completed”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[106]<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rule 82, Elections (General) Rules, 2012</i>
provides for the obligation to transmit provisional results electronically: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1)
The presiding officer shall, before ferrying the actual results of the election
to the returning officer at the tallying venue, submit to the returning officer
the results in electronic form, in such manner as the Commission may direct.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“(2) The results submitted under sub-regulation (1) shall
be provisional and subject to confirmation after the procedure described
inregulation 73”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[107]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Both
Petitioners argue that, without electronic transmission, there can be no basis
for verification – since verification involves comparing the provisional
results with the final tallies. They contend that the susceptibility of the electoral
process, as conducted, to manipulation and corruption was all by design,
calculated to ensure the 3<sup>rd</sup>and 4<sup>th</sup> Respondents triumphed
in the Presidential Election. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[108]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BVR,</b> the 1<sup>st</sup>Petitioner makes
the claim that due to a botched procurement process, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">procurement was taken over by Government</i>. This, he states, led to
the loss of independence from the Executive by IEBC. With regard to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EVID</b>(Electronic Voter Identification),
he claims that the procurement of the kits was the result of an illegal procurement
process; and this led to the procurement of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">faulty
kits</i>that were bound to fail on election day, as indeed they did. He claims
that IEBC abandoning EVID at the polling stations,“prevented millions of voters
[from having] their votes counted accurately.” This, he claims, was in direct
derogation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regulation 69 of the Elections
(General) Regulations, 2012 </i>which states:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“ (1) before issuing a ballot paper to a voter, an election <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 6.25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>official shall—<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">require
the voter to produce an identification document which shall be the same
document used at the time of registration as a voter;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">ascertain
that the voter has not voted in that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>election;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">call
out the number and name of the voter as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>stated in the polling station register;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(d) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in
case of an electronic register, require the voter to place his or her fingers
on the fingerprint scanner and cross out the name of the voter once the image
has been retrieved…”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[109]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 2<sup>nd</sup>
Petitioner contends that the electronic voter registration (BVI) and
Identification (EVID) systems comprise of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foolproof
register of voters</i>; it should automatically subtract from the main register
voters who have voted, thus providing a running tally of votes cast. Biometric
Registration of Voters has its basis in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Elections (Registration of
Voters) Regulations, </i>2012, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regulation
13,</i></b> which provides for thecapturing of the biometric data of a voter,
such as the palm-print and facial impressions: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“
(1) A person who is not already registered as a voter but who wishes to be so
registered shall make an application in <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Form
C set out in the Schedule.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(2)
An application under subregulation (1) shall be made to the registration
officer for the constituency in which the person wishes to be registered.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(3)
Theregistration officer shall, for the purposeof registration, collect such
biometric data which include palm print and facial impressions of the persons
applying for registration, as the Commission may determine.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[110]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The second
Petitioner states that the BVR system should be centrally integrated [networked],
to ensure multiple voting is rendered. She contends that IEBC’s approach of
downloading piecemeal, portions of the biometric register into laptops, leads
to uncertainty as to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">what register</i>
was so downloaded. Without these safeguards, she contends, there was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nothing to stop</i>double voting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[111]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Through her learned
advocate, Ms. Kethi Kilonzo, the second Petitioner states that the electronic
transmission of results generated a vote-count that maintained a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">consistent, spurious gap between the two
leading presidential candidates</i>. She contends that it is scientifically <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">impossible</i> to maintain such a consistent
disparity in results that are being randomly relayed. She also states that the
“rejected votes” generated wereso considerable in numbers as to be inaccurate.
She contends that IEBC occasioned undue delays in publicly acknowledging the
evident failures in the electronic transmission system. In support of her
contentions, she points to the daily Press article by M/s. George Kegoro and
Wachira Maina, that basically affirms this position. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[112]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ms. Kilonzo also relies on an Indian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.C.
Jose v Sivan Pillai & Others </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1984
AIR 921, </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to support the
contention that, where certain requirements are prescribed by an Act, and its
Rules, IEBC was not at liberty to derogate from such <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rules</i>, or exercise any discretion. </span>In <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the case in question, the Supreme Court of
India stated: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(a) When there
is no Parliamentary legislation or rule made under the said legislation, the
Commission is free to pass any orders in respect of the Conduct of elections
[86 H].<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“(b) Where there is an Act and there
are express Rules made thereunder, it is not open to the Commission toover-ride
the Act or the Rules and pass orders in direct disobedience to the mandate
contained in the Act or the Rules. The Powers of the Commission are meant to
supplement rather than supplant the law(both statute and Rules) in the matter
of superintendence,direction and control as provided by Article 324 [87A-B].<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“(c) Where the Act or the Rules are
silent, the Commission has no doubt plenary powers under Article 324 to give
any direction in respect of the conduct of election [87C].<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“(d) Where a particular direction by
the Commission is submitted to the government for approval, as required by the
Rules, it is not open to the Commission to go ahead with implementation of it
at its own … will even if the approval of the Government is not given” [87D].<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Responses <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[113]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All Respondents
argue that IEBC is not <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">required</i> by
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution</i> or the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">law</i> to establish and conduct an
electronic election process as alleged by the Petitioner. The processes of
voting, counting and tallying and transmitting of the final results are
required and designed by law as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">manual
processes</i>, contrary to the allegations of the petitioner. This is supported
by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rule 59 and 60 of the Elections
(General) Regulations, 2012</i>, which state: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">‘59.
…<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(2) A voter shall cast his or her
vote by the use of a ballot paper or electronically.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>…<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“60.
Where the Commission intends to conduct an election by electronic means, it
shall, not later than three months before such election, publish in the Gazette
and publicise through electronic and print media of national circulation and other
easily accessible medium guidelines that shall apply in such voting.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[114]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Respondents
all contend that IEBC has a discretion under <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Section
44 of the Elections Act,</i></b> to deploy appropriate <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>technology as it deems fit, in the administration and
management of elections. Section 44 Provides: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“The Commission may use
such technology as it considers appropriate in the electoral process.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[115] <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Respondents
urge that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Section 4(m) of the Independent
Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) Act, 2011 (No. 9 of 2011),</i>reiterates
this <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">discretion: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“As provided for by Article
88(4) of the Constitution, the Commission is responsible for conducting or
supervising referenda and elections to any elective body or office established
by the Constitution, and any other elections as prescribed by an Act of
Parliament and, in particular, for—<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">…<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(m) the use of appropriate
technology and approaches in the performance of its functions….”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[116]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Consequently,
according to the Respondents, there was no <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legitimate
expectation</i> that the Commission should make use of any technology in
voting, ballot counting, transmission, tallying and declaration of the results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[117]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Respondents
state that, contrary to the averments of the Petitioners, technology was never
envisaged by the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent as the sole means of registering
voters, of identifying them on voting day, or in the transmission and tallying
of results. Electronic Technology is utilized in the elections as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">part of other numerous checks and controls</i>
built in the entire electoral process, to ensure that the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent fulfils its mandate under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article
81 of the Constitution</b>, to deliver <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">free
and fair elections</i>. Technology, they argue, is not a replacement or
alternative to the manual voting, counting, tallying and transmission
processes, that are expressly required by law. Further, the Respondents contend,
the Petitioners also misunderstand the policy and legal framework regarding the
use of technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[118]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Respondents
submit that all the allegations by the Petitioners have not stood the test of
scrutiny, in light of the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pleadings
and evidence produced. The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents
specifically submit that the technologies deployed in the election experienced
challenges, but all such challenges were not catastrophic, as alleged, and did
not impact negatively on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">outcome of
the elections.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[119]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents contend that EVID worked well in a majority of the
polling stations, alongside the manual process. Furthermore, they state that
RTS, as a check-and-control mechanism, worked considerably well, as, out of a
total of 31,025 polling stations, it did transmit results for all six elective
stations as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14,232 (45.9%) polling stations sent results for
the Presidential election;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,082 polling stations sent results for the
Senators’ elections;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6,892 polling stations sent results for the
Governors’ elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,397 polling stations sent results for the
Members of the National Assembly election;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,968 polling stations sent results for the
County Ward Representatives election; and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,428 polling stations sent results for the
Women’s County Representatives election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[120]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By the evidence,
therefore, the technologies assisted in upholding, rather than vitiating, the
will of the Kenyan people. Contrary to the allegation that the failure of the
BVR/BVI devices prevented millions of voters from having their votes counted
accurately, it is the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent’s response that the BVI/BVR set-up
was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not designed to electronically count
votes.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[121)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On the
allegation that IEBC abandoned the process of electronic voting, the 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents state that there is evidence, the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent
reconfigured the server that had been unable to receive results transmitted by
the Presiding Officers. However, at the time of restoration of the server, the
Presiding Officers had already handed over their tallies and phones to the
Returning Officer, in accordance with Regulation 73 (4) of the Elections
(General) Regulations, 2012. They also contend that IEBC had engaged the public
and the 1<sup>st</sup>Petitioner’s political party and his agents on the
emerging challenges. They state that RTS was designed to transmit provisional
results, in accordance with Section 39(2) of the Elections Act 2011, but not
the final result. They state that the lessons learnt from the several
challenges, will provide a basis for strengthening the electoral process
further. Although the technologies used experienced certain impediments, it was
urged, EVID and RTS had no effect,material or immaterial, on the validity of
the Presidential election. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learned counsel
Ms. Lucy Kambuni for IEBC, indeed, relies on the same case cited by counsel for
the 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioner, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.C. Jose v Sivan Pillai& Others </i></b>(supra),for
the contention that, because of the discretion conferred by the Constitution
and the election laws, the IEBC had <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plenary
powers to decide on its administrative arrangements. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[122]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Senior Counsel
Ahmednassir Abdullahi, for the 2<sup>nd</sup>Respondent, complained that the Petition
before the Court was not one that usually arises in the context of Third World
countries. He is categorical that this is a ‘First World complaint’, mainly
dwelling on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">technological failures</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">possibilities</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">challenges.</i>He cites two cases from the Supreme Court of the
Philippines. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(GR Number 188456, H. Haary L. Roque, JR and Others -v- Commissionon
Election,2009 and G.R No. 194139 Douglas R. Cagas v The Commission on
Elections, 2012). </i></b>In both cases, the plaintiffs had based their claims
on fears which they had, sparked by potential abuse and breakdown of technology,
and the effect of this on the integrity of the electoral system. The Court
remarked: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“If the machines failed for
whatever reason, the paper ballots would still be there for hand counting, and
manual tabulation and transmission of the ER’s.Further, that the court would
not guarantee as it cannot guarantee the effectiveness of the voting machines
and the integrity of the counting and consolidation software embedded in them.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[123] Counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent submits that
electronic systems failed in the Ghana General Elections of 2012; and also in
the United States Presidential election in 2000. Indeed some States such as New
Mexico have voted to convert from an electronic system back to the paper
system. Counsel therefore applauds our laws, as they <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">give IEBC a wide latitude to determine whether to use electronic
electoral systems.</i> Thus, the Petitioners cannot claim that the use of
technology was the essence of the elections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[124]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learned counsel
for the 4<sup>th</sup> Respondent, Mr. Katwa Kigen, </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">avers that IEBC in various meetings before the
elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March, 2013 informed <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>all political parties, including the
Petitioner’s party and its coalition partners, that since it was deploying BVI
for the first time across the whole country, a paper- register fallback was
available, to ensure that no voter would be disenfranchised, in the event that
technology failed. Such an arrangement is validated by the provision of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Section
83 of the Elections Act, 2011,</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">which deals with situationsin
which there is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">non-compliance with a
written law: <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“No election shall be declared
to be void by reason of non-compliance with any written law relating to that election
if it appears that the election was conducted in accordance with the principles
laid down in the Constitution and in that written law or that the non-compliance
did not affect the result of the election.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">[125]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Mr. Kigen submitted that the allegation that there was a plot to
ensure failure of the electronic system deployed in the Presidential election,
was not supported by evidence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(iii)
Analysis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[126]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The question of
electronic facilitation of the Presidential election isthe most technical one,
raised by the parties. It is governed by a detailed set of legal provisions and
regulations. It raises the vital question:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">act of voting</i>that
is the entitlement of every voter, as enshrined in the Constitution?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[127]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel for the
Petitioners appear to advance the position that the act of voting is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">totality of the electoral process</i>.
Therefore, a weak link in the chain ensures total collapse. They go further and
contend that the chain was made up entirely of weak links, and that this eroded
the casting of the ballot, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">thereby nullifying the electoral process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[128]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel for the
Respondents, by contrast, advance the position that the act of voting is a
galaxy, whose central sun is the signifying of one’s choice by the marking of
the ballot paper, and its subsequent deposition into the ballot box. Every
other process before and after, revolves around this procedure, and involves
only the ascertaining of the voter’s choice, and the sustaining of the voter’s
right to make that choice. Counsel provides cases from the Philippines, that hold
that even if there was a failure of all other support processes (in particular
electronic ones), the right to vote and to express one’s self in universal
suffrage is not defeated. Manual procedures must come into operation, to fulfil
the electors’ expression of choice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[129]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Article 38 (3)
of the Constitution provides safeguards for the right to vote in a free and
fair election, and the right to be registered as a voter. These two rights give
life to every other subsequent procedure, including the constitutional creation
of the IEBC, and the procedures to be used in registration, voting,
transmission, tallying and verification of the results. To concretize this
position, Article 83 states that administrative procedures to be undertaken by
IEBC are <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to facilitate, and not to deny
an eligible voter the right to vote. This consideration must therefore be the
foundation of all interpretations made to the law by IEBC, and all Courts
sitting in appeal from the decisions taken by IEBC. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[130]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Is electronic
facilitation for the election mandatory, or discretionary?The Indian case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.C.
Jose vs Sivan Pillai & Others</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1984
AIR 921, </span></b>cited by both the Petitioners and the IEBC, is a case in
point. The Supreme Court of India defined the concept of “plenary power”
(administrative measures in Article 83): <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">powers
available to a body to create operational rules where none existed</i>. However,
where a body of law already regulated the subject, it was not up to the
discretion of the public entity to create any additional measures that
derogated from the law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[131]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An objective
reading of the Regulations cited, does not reveal a contemplation of elections conducted
solely by electronic means. The elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March 2013, were
not envisaged to be conducted on a purely electronic basis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regulation 60 of the Elections (General)
Regulations, 2012 </i>illustrates that if the elections are to be facilitated
by electronic means only, the relevant guidelines shall be availed to the
public. Regulation 59 provides that voting is done by marking the ballot paper,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">or</i>electronically. Thus, the voting
system envisioned in Kenya appears to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">manual</i>.
Regulation 82, and Section 39 of the Elections Act, which deal with electronic transmission,
operate on the basis that electronically transmitted results are only <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">provisional</i>.Can there, therefore, be an
invalidation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">final</i>results, because
of the non-transmission of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">provisional</i>
results? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[132]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Petitioners
assert that this is so. Provisional results, for them, are the basis of
verification of results. The Respondents, by contrast, assert that this is not
so. Verification, for them, means comparing the final results on Form 34 from
apolling centre with Form 36 at the National Tallying Centre. Their contention appears
to be supported by Article 86(c) of the Constitution, describing the procedure
of verification as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">collation and
announcement of results by the Returning Officer</i>(Chair of IEBC), based on
results from polling stations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[133]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is rightly
argued by the Respondents,in our opinion, that the Court must be alive to the
fact that most polling stations are in the rural areas, where the primary-schoolpolling
stations are dilapidated, and the supply of electricity, to-date, is a distant
dream. Yet voters still go to such polling stations <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to exercise their right to vote, and to
discharge their civic duty. Of this fact, the Court will take judicial notice,
in deciding whether Presidential elections can be invalidated due to
non-compliance with regulations requiring electronic transmission. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">G.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>VOTE TALLYING: DID IT REFLECT VOTERS’ CHOICE
IN THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petitioners’
Case<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[134]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The crux of the
1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner’s case as expressed in the introduction to <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">his written submissions, is that the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent who was declared President-elect by the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent, did
not meet the threshold set out in Article 138(4) of the Constitution. The basis
of this assertion by the Petitioner is that, upon an evaluation of the
evidential materials in Forms 34 and 36,used in the final tally of the Presidential
election results, there were serious anomalies affecting the final results, as
declared by the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[135]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>According to
the Petitioners, the tallying exercise was marred by irregularities,as set out
in bothwritten and oral submissions as, follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>material alteration of primary documents used in the tallying
and verification exercise;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ii.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mismatch between the Presidential
election results tallied and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">total
number of registered voters in various constituencies and polling stations;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iii<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>inflation of Presidential election results
of certain presidential <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>candidates,
particularly the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">deflation
of Presidential election results of certain presidential candidates,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>particularly the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">exclusion of Presidential candidates’ agents and
accredited observers from the National Tallying Centre;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">total failure and inaccuracy of the
results-tallying and verification system, occasioned by the departure from the
electronic transmission of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>results to
the manual tallying system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Material alteration of primary documents
used in the tallying and verification exercise<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[136]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The issue of
tallying was largely dealt with by way of evidence in the depositions and
attachments, as regards both Petition No. 4 and Petition No. 5. In relation to
Petition No. 5 of 2013, the issueis covered in the affidavit of Janet Ong’era,
sworn on 15<sup>th</sup> March 2013. At paragraph 48 of this affidavit, the
deponent avers that one of the glaring anomalies was the alteration of the
statutory documents on the files of many constituencies. This evidence isused
by counsel to advance the submission that, based on these alterations, the
accuracy of the final tally of the Presidential election results also stood in
question. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[137]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Petition No.
5 of 2013, specifically at paragraph 5.9, the Petitioner contended that, the
final Presidential election results published by IEBC were materially different
from results reflected in the county tally. He gives the example of Nakuru
County. In other cases, the deponents averred that there were material
alterations between the verbal declaration of results made by individual
Commissioners of the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent at the National Tallying Centre,
and the final figures issued by the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent, especially in
the following areas: South Imenti, Igembe South, Lagdera, North Imenti, Central
Imenti, Bomet East, and Sigor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[138]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel for the
1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioners, submitted that in Makueni Constituency,
the number of registered voters differed between the results for the
Presidential, Governor, Senator, and Member of National Assembly elections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Mismatch
between the Presidential election results tallied, and the total number of
registered voters in various constituencies and polling stations</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[139]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Petitioner,by
paragraph 51 of the affidavit of Janet Ong’era, indicates a cluster of 26 polling
stations where the number of valid votes cast exceeded the total number of
registered voters. In effect, the Petitioner was inviting the Court to hold
that the elections in those polling stations were rendered invalid, on account
of the said discrepancy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(c)Inflation of Presidential election
results of certain presidential candidates, particularly the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[140] The 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner submitted that there
were instances where the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent’s votes were inflated. Mr.
Oraro, learned counsel for the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner, drew the Court’s attention
to a comparison of entries in Form 34 with the corresponding entries in Form 36,for
certain polling stations. At pages 23-24 of the Petitioner’s written submissions,
there is an indication of the polling stations where such variance existed,
resulting in a difference of 1,451 votes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>According to the Petitioner, the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent’s votes were
also inflated by 7,215 votes, going by the final national tally published by
the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[141]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 2<sup>nd</sup>
and 3<sup>rd</sup> Petitioners also submitted that the results announced for the
respective Presidential election candidates at the County level in Nyeri and
Bomet, were different from what was announced at the National Tallying Centre.
In support of this allegation, the Petitioners relied on a video recording by
one Anthony Mathenge in respect of Nyeri County. The audio-visual recording was
played in Court during the oral submissions by learned counsel, Ms. Kethi
Kilonzo. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(d) Deflation
of Presidential election results of certain presidential candidates,
particularly the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[142]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner also averred that his votes were deflated by 11,000 votes. Details
of the affected polling stations were summarized in the 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner’s submissions. However, this evidence was introduced at the
submission stage, and did not form part of the primary Petition records – a
fact which occasioned valid objection from counsel for the respondents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Exclusion of Presidential election
candidates’ agents and accredited observers from the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>National <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tallying<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Centre<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[143] Learned counsel for the Petitioners submitted that all
the Presidential election candidates’ agents were asked to leave the tallying
room at the National Tallying Centre. The 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner relied on
the affidavit of Prof. Lawrence Gumbe, dated 14<sup>th</sup> March, 2013 to
advance this assertion. Further, by the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner’s
submissions, the fact that the said agents were allowed twenty minutes of
verification had no significance, as verification should have been done using
Form 34, and not Form 36 as directed by the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent. In the
submissions, the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner states that the party agents were
ordered out of the National Tallying Centre and taken to an adjacent boardroom.
The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioners in Petition No. 4 of 2013,
jointly referred to as the 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioner, also submitted that even
accredited observers were not allowed into the National Tallying Centre. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, on the basis of the evidence of Janet
Ong’era, it was submitted that Mr. Chirchir of URP, and a Ms. Winnie Guchu of
TNA were periodically allowed access into the National Tallying Centre, to the
exclusion of other agents. The overall submission was that the verification
process was contrary to law, as it was carried out unilaterally by the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Failure and inaccuracy of results-tallying
and verification system, occasioned by the departure fromelectronic
transmission of the results, to manual tallying system<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[144]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner avers that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents reverted
to a manual tallying system, which was a discredit and an abuse of the electoral
system, as it lacked transparency, accuracy and accountability, and had been
subject to manipulation by officers of the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[145]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
affidavit of Janet Ong’era [at paragraph 36], it is deponed that for purposes
of facilitating the process of manual tallying, the political parties’
representatives and the IEBC representatives had agreed that they would obtain
Form 34 from each Constituency and confirm that: the name of the polling
station indicated had been duly gazetted; the form had been signed by the
agents and the returning officers; and it had the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent’s
stamp. Selected agents from political parties would then verify the figures in
terms of registered voters, votes cast and rejected votes, and they would thereafter
signify their agreement, with or without qualification. An aggrieved party was
entitled to raise a complaint with the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[146]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner has also relied on the Independent Review Commission (“IREC”) Report
which recommended that the defunct Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) adopts
certain safety features in respect of counting and tallying of votes.The
recommended safety feature, according to the Petitioner, is Form 34; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>butIEBC has, in addition, introduced Form 36.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[147] IREC had also recommended computerized data-entry and
tallying at Constituencies,to secure simultaneous transmission of individual
polling-station level data, to the National Tallying Centre,as well as the integration
of this result-handling system in a progressive election-result announcement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[148] Another recommendation was to allow sufficient time
before the declaration of final results. It was anticipated that all parties
concerned would have an opportunity to consider the returns made, and to express
objection if need be; and thereafter, results would be announced. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[149]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioners
have further submitted that the BVR kit, which the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent
abandoned, was supposed to provide a running tally of votes cast,to prevent
multiple voting. They aver that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondents did not put in place sufficient measures to ensure the accuracy of
vote-count, after the failure of the electronic results-transmission system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[150]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioners
have relied on Article 138 (c) of the Constitution which provides that, after the
counting of votes at the polling station, the IEBC shall tally and verify the
count, and declare the results. Section 44 of the Elections Act permitted the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent to use <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">appropriate technology,</i>
as it deemed necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[151]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Counsel for
Petitioners, Ms. Kethi Kilonzo submitted that the counting and tallying of
votes was not open, diligent or responsive, and that Returning Officers,
presiding officers and County Returning Officers, were using different numbers
of registered voters from that contained in the Principal Register. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Responses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[152]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents
maintain that the counting, tallying, transmission and declaration of results
was efficient, accurate, accountable, lawful, and a true representation of the
will of the people, based on universal suffrage. The statutory violation and
irregularities ascribed to the election outcome are denied; and the allegation
of excess numbers of votes cast in favour of the 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent,is
said to be unsubstantiated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[153]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents
maintain that, they went well beyond the thresholds of the Elections Act, and Regulation
83 of the Elections (General) Regulations, 2012, and established an elaborate
audit process, which included:a two-step audit process to examine returns, and
a verification team to counter-check the audit findings. In addition, all Returning
Officers were required to personally deliver the Presidential election results
at the National Tallying Centre in Nairobi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[154]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">The “regional
teams” received from the Returning Officer the Form 34s for Presidential
election, and Form 36 on both hard and soft copies. The teams would then run a
sanity test to ensure that the number of valid votes cast,and the rejected
votes amounted to the total vote cast, and that the total number of votes cast
for all candidates equalled the total number of valid votes cast; any errors
found were rectified. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[155]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After this 1<sup>st</sup>
review, the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents stated that the
Returning Officer was referred to the verification team, which checked the Form
34 and Form 36. This team made changes if necessary, certified that the results
were proper, and forwarded a new Form 36 for signature by the Returning Officer
and the Verification Team leader. The party agents were then given the Form 36
to counter-check. The Respondent further stated that a Summary, and the Form 36,was
forwarded to the Commissioners, who would check them again before announcing
the results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[156]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the announcement by
the Commissioners, the Form 36 would be given to a team of two electoral
officers who would again verify, and input data from Form 36 into a spread-sheet,
for the final Presidential election results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[157]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
respondents aver that IEBC maintained the use of the primary manual electoral
processes, which were not in any way challenged, and constructively engaged the
political parties in the process of voting, counting, transmission, tallying
and announcement of results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[158] The respondents averred that IEBC had held a consultative
meeting with the chief political party agents, and agreed with them on modes of
verification of Presidential election results brought to the National Tallying
Centre by Returning Officers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Subsequently
the chief agents of political parties were, from Wednesday 6<sup>th</sup> March,
2013 indeed, allowed to enter the tallying room and to observe the tallying of
the Presidential election results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[159]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondents aver that sometime in the evening of 6<sup>th</sup> March, 2013 the
political party agents inside the tallying room became rowdy, and precipitated
altercations with the Commission staff undertaking the tallies, and in some
instances, threatened to assault the staff. This situation made it impossible
for the Commission to continue undertaking its tallying exercise, prompting the
Commission to relocate the political party agents to a boardroom in the
auditorium, within the National Tallying Centre. Each of the final tallies (Form
36) were presented to the political party agents at the said boardroom,20
minutes before the announcement of results to the public. The political parties
would then undertake the verification of the Presidential election tallies,
before they were announced.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[160] The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents’ aver that the
process of tallying as contemplated under the Constitution, the Elections Act
and the governing Regulations, is primarily a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">manual system</i>, and not an electronic process.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[161]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Respondents maintain that there are no
constitutional or statutory violations, or widespread irregularities and
malpractices that occurred; or that the votes were wrongly credited to the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent, or any other candidate. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
urge that there is no basis for seeking a nullification of the election
outcome, as sought by the Petitioner, and that the3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent was
lawfully declared President-elect, pursuant to Article 138 (4) of the
Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[162]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In their submission, the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents
state that the allegations made as regards the tallying and tabulation,
contained in Janet Ong’era’s affidavit, is not factually correct, and
disregards the various important elements of the Register.They explain this by
stating that the quoted figure of 14,337,399 registered voters was a purely
statistical entry, accumulated at the end of the voter registration exercise;
that this figure did not include persons whose biometrics could not be
captured, or other exceptional cases. Further, the Respondents’ advocates faulted
the Petitioner for randomly selecting the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup>
Respondents’ strongholds in his data scenario implying irregularity in the
electoral process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[163]</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents contend that the Petition is premised on a
misconception of the Principal Register of Voters, the tallying process, and the
legal framework – and would, therefore, not justify the grant of the prayers
sought in the Petition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[164] The 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent sought to controvert the
deposition of the Petitioner in his affidavit of 14<sup>th</sup> March, 2013.
He states that, contrary to the Petitioner’s allegation, the agents were not <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ejected from the National Tallying Centre,
but were relocated to an alternative facility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[165]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He avers that under
Article 86(b) of the Constitution, and Regulation 83, the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent has a duty to announce final results on the basis of a physical
form, Form 34, which had to be delivered to the National Tallying Centre, and
no other method, electronic or otherwise, is contemplated under the law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[166]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent further states that, the process of voting, recording, tallying and
declaration of results was conducted in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">substantial
compliance</i> with the electoral laws and the Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[167]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He also submits that, the
counting and tallying of votes was to <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>be
conducted<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">manually</i>, in accordance with
the provisions of the law, as electronic tallying of votes is not provided for
under the law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[168]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 4<sup>th</sup>
Respondent also avers that the elections were conducted substantially in
accordance with the principles laid down in the Constitution, and all governing
law; that there was no breach of law such as to affect the results of the
elections; and that the said elections do reflect the will of Kenyans. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">SOME
ISSUES OF FACT: THE COURT’S FINDINGS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Albertus Extra Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Albertus Extra Bold"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Albertus Extra Bold";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Orders
made </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Albertus Extra Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">suo motu</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Albertus Extra Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[169] <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On 25<sup>th</sup>
March 2013, the Court ordered the scrutiny of all Forms 34 and Forms 36, which
were used in the country’s 33,400 polling stations. The purpose of the scrutiny
was tobetterunderstand the vital details of the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">electoral process, and to gainimpressions on the integrity
thereof.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[170]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Court also
ordered a re-tallying of the Presidential votes in 22 polling stations,using
Forms 34, 36 and the Principal Register, as these stations had featured in the
Petitioner’s grievance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The purpose of
the re-tally was to establish whether the number of votes cast in these
stations exceeded the number of registeredvoters as indicated in the Principal Register.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data
Summary<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[171]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After the
re-tally of the votes cast in the said stations was complete, it was found that
5 polling stations, out of the 22, had discrepancies as to the number of votes
cast as reflected in Form 34 and Form 36. These were: Lomerimeri Primary School,
Tiaty Constituency; Nthambiro Primary School, Igembe Central Constituency;
Kabuito Primary School,Igembe Central Constituency;Mugumoini Primary School,
Chuka Igambang’ombe Constituency; and NCC Social Hall, Lang’ata Constituency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[172]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With respect to
the scrutiny of all Forms 34which were used by the IEBC in tallying the
Presidential election votes, from the 33,400polling stations in the country,
only 18,000 polling stations were scrutinized. It was found that Forms 34were
missing in some polling stations such as: Zowerani Primary School, Kilifi North
Constituency; Show Ground, Kapenguria Constituency; NakatiyaniWater Point,
Loima Constituency; and Mjanaheri Primary School, Magarini Constituency. In
addition, the aggregate results of Form 36 voters from 75 constituencies were
missing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[173]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reports showing the above discrepancies were availed to counsel,
who were asked to comment on the facts and data reflected therein.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(c)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Petitioners’ Submissions <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[174] The 3<sup>rd</sup>Petitioner did not expressly comment
on the results except to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>note that the
report did not directly address the issue of “rejected votes”. The 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioners argued insupport of the re-tallied results
reflected in the Court’s report. The grounds in support in this regard, may be
thus summarized:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
report confirmed Petitioners’ allegations that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondents did not verify the Presidential election results as required under
the law, and should not have announced the results without accounting for all
electoral areas. This is particularly so in light of missing Form 34s from 10
polling stations thatwere highlighted in the report. The result is that neither
the Court nor the Petitioners were provided with all Form 34s and so the
results from IEBC, are unreliable.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since it is the Court, on its own motion,
which made the order on re-tallying the votes in those 22 pollingstations, the
results therefrom should now override the results expressly relied on by the 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
Court’s report shows that in some instances, the number of registered votes was
not reflected in Forms 36. In other instances, there were two Forms 36,
attributed to the same constituency and both were counted during the tallying
process conducted by the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Even after the register of voters was closed,
therewere instances where voters were still being registered. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
several polling stations, the number of votes castexceeded the registered
voters as per Forms 34. The results from these polling stations should have been
nullified by the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents in accordance
with the law, but they were included in the tallying of results.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(d)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Respondents Submissions <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[175]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The re-tally
results also drew comment from the Respondents herein. The grounds for contest can
be summarized as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
re-tally report confirmsthe Respondents’ submissions. The Respondents, through
their responses, had filed evidence in Court answering each and every one of
the discrepancies highlighted in the Court’s report. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
delivery of Forms 34 to the Court and the Petitioners was done voluntarily and
not in response to any request. While there were, admittedly, some missing
Forms 34, which were not provided, this was not done in bad faith but was a
mere oversight,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>given the limited
time-period the Respondents had to deliver the documents. In any case, all
Forms 34 were used to declare the results.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
instances where there were two Forms 36 provided for the same constituency,
these were provided in a good faith, and were not used in the tallying of
results. In some instances, the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent made errors on Forms
36 during the counting process, which he then corrected in a second Form 36.
Both Forms were submitted, having been duly signed, in order to show where the
errors were in the initial Form 36.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
every instance where there were more votes cast than registered voters, the
Green Book, which contains the manual register, was availed to the Court for
scrutiny.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
Court should guard against the possibility of disenfranchising duly registered
voters who voted on election day, simply because there was one extra voter on
the register.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Most of
the allegations that the number of votes cast exceeded the number of registered
voters in certain polling stations, were already addressed in the affidavits
annexed to the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent’s response. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The 22
constituencies mentioned by the first Petitioner are spread across the entire
country – showing that no advantage was being sought from a particular
candidate’s stronghold. Therefore, while the IEBC officials may have made some
clerical errors, no mischief or advantage can or should be attributed
thereto.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, to a substantial extent,
the voting, counting and tallying of votes was carried out to a high degree of
accuracy. This is all that is required to show that the exercise was carried
out well.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">I.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>RELIEFS SOUGHT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[176]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioners
entertain the prospect of succeeding in their petitions, and have made prayers
for a wide range of reliefs, as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the Presidential election held on the 4<sup>th</sup> of March,
2013 is invalid;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents were in
breach of Articles 10, 81(e), 86 and 88 of the Constitution of Kenya in
relation to the Presidential election;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent was in breach of Sections 59,
60, 61, 62, 74, 79 and 82 of the Election (General) Regulations, 2012;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents’ were in
breach of Article 138(3) (c) of the Constitution of Kenya;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent is in breach of Article 75 of
the Constitution of Kenya;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents are guilty
of offences under the Elections Act, 2011 (Act No. 24 of 2011);<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>did not receive more than half of the votes cast, at the just-concluded
Presidential election and was, therefore, not validly elected and declared as
President-elect; <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">viii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the Petitioner’s fundamental rights under Articles 35, 38 and
47 of the Constitution of Kenya were violated during the President elections;<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ix.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">an
order compelling the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents to cancel
the Certificate of Election to President-elect issued to the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">x.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">an
order that there be a fresh election for the President of the Republic of Kenya
in strict compliance with the Constitution of Kenya, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">xi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">costs
of the Petition.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioner<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the absence of a credible Principal Voters Register vitiates
the validity of the Presidential elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March, 2013;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the failure to verify the Presidential votes cast at the
polling stations vitiates the validity of the Presidential election, thereby
rendering it null and void;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the proclamation by the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondents, of the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent as President-elect was invalid
and, therefore, the Form 38 Certificate issued to the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent
is invalid.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">costs
of the Petition.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3<sup>rd</sup> Petitioner </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that during the national election held on 4<sup>th</sup> March,
2013 the percentage of votes received by each candidate in proportion to the
total valid votes counted for purposes of Article 138(4) of the Constitution of
Kenya was as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uhuru
Kenyatta <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>50.51%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Raila
Odinga<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>43.70%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Musalia
Mudavadi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.96%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peter
Kenneth <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>0.60%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abduba
Dida<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>0.43%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Martha
Karua<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>0.36%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">James
Kiyiapi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>0.34%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Paul
Muite<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.10%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">costs of the Petition.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>J.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GUIDING PRINCIPLES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Context<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[177]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This may not be
the most complex case, in terms of the relevant facts and the applicable law;
but it is of the greatest importance for the following reasons: (i) it is the
first landmark case bearing on the early steps to consolidate and set in motion
the gains of a progressive and unique Constitution, which was promulgated on 27<sup>th</sup>
October, 2010; (ii) since the promulgation of the Constitution, its
“non-majoritarian” elements, such as the Judiciary and the Independent
Commissions, have assumed their special roles; but the “majoritarian” elements,
in the form of a popularly elected Legislature and Executive, were still in
abeyance; (iii) transition from the little-regulated Executive set-up of the
earlier period, to a new one subject to the established constitutional
limitations, is a fateful process which the people must effect through the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">electoral process</i>; (iv) the cardinal
role of implementation of the principles and terms of the Constitution of
Kenya, 2010 rests with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Executive
Branch</i>, acting through laws emanating from the Legislature, and subject to
the restraints of the Constitution itself and the law, as superintended by the
Judiciary; and hence the electoral process which now sets the Presidency afoot,
in the provision of national leadership, is all-important to the people of
Kenya;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(v) although the Supreme Court
has been in place for about one year-and-a-half, charged with the obligation to
“assert the supremacy of the Constitution and the sovereignty of the people of
Kenya”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Supreme Court Act, 2011 (Act No. 7 of 2011), Section 3(a)],</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it is only now that it has the first
opportunity to consider the vital question as to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">integrity of a Presidential election,</i> and, therefore, the scope for
the new Constitution to anchor its processes on the operations of a lawful
Executive Branch; and (vi), this is the first test of the scope available to
this Supreme Court, to administer law and justice in relation to a matter of
the expression of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">popular will</i> –
election of the President. This Judgment, therefore, may be viewed as a
baseline for the Supreme Court’s perception of matters political, as these
interplay with the progressive terms of the new Constitution. It is clear that
this Judgment, just as it is important to all Kenyans in political terms, is no
less important to the Court itself, in terms of the evolution of jurisprudence
in the domain of public affairs. It is particularly so, in the light of Section
3(c) of the Supreme Court Act, which vests in this Court the obligation to “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">develop rich jurisprudence that respects
Kenya’s history and traditions and facilitates its social, economic and
political growth.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Proof<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in
Election Petition Cases<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[178]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Oraro,
Senior Counsel for the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner, cited the English case,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Morgan
and Others v. Simpson and Another </i>[1974] 3 All ER 722</b>in support of his
submission, with regard to the standards applicable in cases of this nature. He
cited a passage in that decision: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“…an election court was
required to declare an election invalid (a)if irregularities in the conduct of
elections had been such that it could not be said that the election had been
conducted as to be substantially in accordance with the law as to election, or
(b) if the irregularities had affected the results.Accordingly,where breaches
of the election rules, although trivial,had affected the results, that by
itself was enough to compel the Court to declare the election void even though
it had been conducted substantially in accordance with the law as to
elections.Conversely,if the election had been conducted so badly that it was
not substantially in accordance with the law, it was vitiated irrespective of
whether or not the result of the election had been affected…”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[179]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel
submitted that the above standard has been adopted in our laws, and is
therefore part and parcel of our local jurisprudence.Hecites section 83 of the
Elections Act, 2011 (No. 24 of 2011) which states<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“No election shall be declared
to be void by reason of non-compliance with any written law relating to that
election if it appears that the election was conducted in accordance with the
principles laid down in the Constitution andin that written law or that the
non-compliance did not affect the result of that election</b></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[180]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner also cited the case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Magara v. Nyamweya</i></b>(2010) 4KLR (EP)
in which the Court of Appeal asserted the above principle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[181]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent through learned counsel Mr. Nyaoga, submitted that <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the burden of proof lay on the Petitioner. He advanced the
argument that these election petition proceedings, on the basis of the evidence
adduced by the Petitioner, were of a “quasi criminal nature”. Hence it washis
case that the Petitioner alleging these “criminal offences”, must prove them.
The Respondent urged that the standard should be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">higher than the balance of probability,</i> but lower than “beyond
reasonable doubt”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[182]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondent, through learned counsel, Mr. Kamau Karori, while responding to the Petitioner’s
case that the Voters’ Register was manipulated, submitted that the burden of
proof in showingthe alleged manipulation lay firmly with the Petitioner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[183]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The learned Attorney-General,
Prof. Githu Muigai, in execution of his duty as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amicus curiae</i> lent some insight in this regard. He first
distinguished between the burden of proof and the standard of proof, thus: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">burden of proof is concerned with the
question, whose duty is it to place evidence before the Court; while standard
of proof is concerned with, what weight the Court should place on the material
fact that is placed before it”</i>.It was the Attorney-General’s submission
that, in an election petition, the burden of proof lies on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">both</i></b>parties. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[184]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Attorney-General
cited the Nigerian case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Abubakar v.Yar’Adua</i></b>[2009] All FWLR
(Pt. 457) 1 S.C.,in which the Court held that the burden is on the Petitioner,
to prove non-compliance with electoral law, and to show that the non-compliance
affected the results of the election. The same jurisprudence was <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>enunciated in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buhari v. Obasanjo</i></b> (2005)
CLR 7(k) (SC)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,</b>also cited by the
Attorney-General; the various components of burden of proof were distinguished,in
their shifting pattern: the burden is on the petitioner to prove non-compliance
with the electoral law; and it then shifts to the Respondent, or the electoral
board, to prove that such non-compliance did not affect the results of the
election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[185]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Nigeria, it
is noted from the Attorney-General’s submissions, the question of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">evidential threshold</i> is not in the
Constitution, but is specified in the statute, the Elections Act, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[186]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Attorney-General also relied on a decision of the Indian Supreme Court, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M.
Narayan Rao v. G Venkata Reddy &Another</i>, </b>1977 (AIR)(SC)208 in which
the following passage appears:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“The
charge of commission of corrupt practice has to be proved and established
beyond reasonable doubt like a criminal charge or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a quasi-criminal charge but not exactly in
the manner of establishment of guilt in the manner of criminal prosecution
giving the liberty of the accused to keep mum. The charge has to be proved on
appraisal of the evidence adduced by both parties especially by the election
petitioner.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In Indian jurisprudence the proof required is beyond
reasonable doubt, but not to the level of the criminal standard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[187]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">high standards of proof</i> are required in
cases imputing election malpractice, appears to be the norm, as is also
confirmed in the Zambian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Akashambatwa Lewanika & Others v.
Fredrick Chiluba</i></b>[1999] 1 LRC 138.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[188]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even as learned
counsel elucidated the burden of proof in election cases, Mr. Abdullahi urged
the Court to take an additional factor into account, in the case of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Presidential election</i>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Court should be guided by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">restraint</i> – as the question before it
was more <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">political </i>than <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">constitutional-legal</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[189]Mr. Abdullahi, being guided by the American Supreme
Court decision in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bush v. Gore,</i></b>531 U.S. (2000), called for judicial care and
restraint in Presidential election disputes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[190]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Abdullahi
proposed that the standard of proof in claims of impropriety or illegality in
the conduct of Presidential election, should be set <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">higher</i></b> than the
criminal-trial requirement of “proof beyond reasonable doubt”. Counsel’s
justification was that judicial intervention ought not, in principle, to be
sustained once the electorate had made their choice by casting the vote.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[191] Comparative judicial practice on the burden of proof
helps to illuminate this Court’s perceptions, in a case which rests, to a
significant degree, on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fact.</i></b> In a Ugandan election case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Col.
Dr. Kizza Besigye v. Museveni Yoweri Kaguta & Electoral Commission,</i></b>
Election Petition No. 1 of 2001, the majority on the Supreme Court Bench held:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“….the
burden of proof in election petitions as in other civil cases is settled. It
lies on the Petitioner to prove his case to the satisfaction of the Court. The
only controversy surrounds the standard of proof required to satisfy the
Court.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[192]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similarly in
the Canadian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Opitz v. Wrzesnewskyj</i></b>2012 SCC 55-2012-10-256 it is thus stated
in the majority opinion:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“An applicant who seeks to
annul an election bears the legal burden of proof throughout……”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[193] Such a line of judicial thinking is also found in the
Nigerian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buhari v. Obasanjo</i></b> (2005) CLR 7K, in which the Supreme Court
stated:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“The
burden is on petitioners to prove that non-compliance has not only taken place
but also has substantially affected the result….There must be clear evidence of
non-compliance, then, that the non-compliance has substantially affected the
election.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The Nigerian Supreme Court further stated:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“He
who asserts is required to prove such fact by adducing credible evidence. If
the party fails to do so its case will fail. On the other hand if the party
succeeds in adducing evidence to prove the pleaded fact it is said to have
discharged the burden of proof that rests on it. The burden is then said to
have shifted to the party’s adversary to prove that the fact established by the
evidence adduced could not on the preponderance of the evidence result in the
Court giving judgment in favour of the party.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[194]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In another
Nigerian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibrahim v. Shagari & Others</i></b> (1985) LRC (Const.) 1, the
Supreme Court held:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“[T]he
Court is the sole judge and if it is satisfied that the election has been
conducted substantially in accordance with Part II of the Act it will not
invalidate it. The wording of Section 123 is such that it presumes that there
will be some minor breaches of regulations but the election will only be
avoided if the non-compliance so resulting and established in Court by credible
evidence is substantial. Further, the Court will take into account the effect
if any, which such non-compliance with [the] provisions of Part II of the
Electoral Act, 1982 has had on the result of the election…. [T]he duty to
satisfy the Court that a particular non-compliance with the provisions of Part
II of the Electoral Act….lies on the petitioner.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[195] There is, apparently, a common thread in the foregoing
comparative jurisprudence on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">burden of
proof</i> in election cases. Its essence is that an electoral cause is
established much in the same way as a civil cause: the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legal burden</i> rests on the petitioner, but, depending on the effectiveness
with which he or she discharges this, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">evidential
burden</i> keeps shifting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultimately,
of course, it falls to the Court to determine whether a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">firm</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unanswered</i> case
has been made. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[196]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We find merit
in such a judicial approach, as is well exemplified in the several cases from
Nigeria. Where a party alleges non-conformity with the electoral law, the
petitioner must not only prove that there has been <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">non-compliance with the law,</i> but that such failure of compliance <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">did affect the validity of the elections.</i>
It is on that basis that the respondent bears the burden of proving the
contrary. This emerges from a long-standing common law approach in respect of
alleged irregularity in the acts of public bodies. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Omnia praesumuntur rite et solemniter esse acta:</i> all acts are
presumed to have been done rightly and regularly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, the petitioner must set out by raising
firm and credible evidence of the public authority’s departures from the
prescriptions of the law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[197] IEBC is a constitutional entity entrusted with
specified obligations, to organize, manage and conduct elections, designed to
give fulfilment to the people’s political rights [Article 38 of the
Constitution].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The execution of such a
mandate is underpinned by specified constitutional principles and mechanisms,
and by detailed provisions of the statute law. While it is conceivable that the
law of elections can be infringed, especially through incompetence,
malpractices or fraud attributable to the responsible agency, it behoves the
person who thus alleges, to produce the necessary evidence in the first place –
and thereafter, the evidential burden shifts, and keeps shifting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[198] To what <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">standard</i>
must such initial burden be discharged? The practice in this respect varies
from one jurisdiction to another. In some countries, it is held that election
petitions are litigation much in the nature of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">civil proceedings</i> – and that the standard of proof should be the
same as in civil causes. Thus in Mauritius, in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jugnauth v. Ringadoo and Others</i></b>
[2008] UKPC 50, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council affirmed the
decision of the Supreme Court of Mauritius, nullifying the election of the
appellant, a Member of Parliament and Minister of the Government. The following
passage occurs in the judgment of the Privy Council:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“….the
legislature…deliberately chose to approach the matter as one in which the court
should adopt the civil standard of proof. There was no question of the Court
applying anything other than the civil standard of proof and in particular, no
question of the application of an intermediate standard. It followed that the
issue for the election court was whether the petitioner had established, on the
balance of probabilities, that the election was affected by bribery in the
manner specified in the petition. In practice, as a matter of common sense
rather than law, the Court was unlikely to be satisfied on the balance of
probabilities that there has been bribery without cogent evidence to that
effect. In the instant matter the Supreme Court was correct to reach its
factual conclusions on the balance of probabilities.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[199] In the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jugnauth Case</i></b>, the Court observed
that election petitions are civil in nature, and the proper test should be the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">balance of probability</i>. The same
principle was also stated in the Canadian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Opitz </i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(supra).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[200] In certain jurisdictions, a higher standard of proof
has been required, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">depending on the
specific element in the cause</i> being proved. Thus, in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shri Kirpal Singh v. Shri V.V.
Giri</i></b> (1970) INSC 191: AIR 1970 SC 2097; 1971(2) SCR 197; 1970(2) SCC
567 the Supreme Court of India stated:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“There can be no doubt that
a charge of undue influence is in the nature of a criminal charge and must be
proved by cogent and reliable evidence, not on the mere ground of balance of
probability but on reasonable certainty that the persons charged therewith have
committed the offence, on the strength of evidence which leaves no scope for
doubt as to whether they have done so. Although there are inherent differences
between the trial of an election petition and that of a criminal charge in the
matter of investigation, the vital point of identity for the two trials is that
the court must be able to come to the conclusion beyond any reasonable doubt as
to the commission of the corrupt practice.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[201]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some
jurisdictions have adopted a standard of proof that goes beyond the balance of
probability but falls slightly below proof-beyond-reasonable-doubt. Zambia
adopted such a standard in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lewanika and Others v. Chiluba</i></b>
(1999) 1LRC 138. Five petitioners challenged the election of the respondent as
President, on 18<sup>th</sup> November, 1996 on the ground that he was not
qualified to stand as a candidate, as neither he nor his parents were citizens
of Zambia by birth or by descent, as required under Article 34(3), Schedule 2
to the Constitution of Zambia Act, 1991 as amended in 1996. The petitioners
also alleged electoral flaws, including bribery and corruption, irregularities
and flaws in the electoral system; they sought the nullification of the elections
for having been rigged, and being not free and fair. The Court thus held, on
standard of proof:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“[W]e
wish to assert that it cannot be seriously disputed that parliamentary election
petitions have generally long required to be proved to a </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">standard
higher than on a mere balance of probability.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> It follows, therefore, that in this case where the petition has been
brought under constitutional provisions and would impact upon the governance of
the nation and the deployment of the constitutional power and authority, </b>no
less<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> a standard of proof is required. It
follows also that the issues raised are required to be established to a</b>fairly
high degree of convincing clarity.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[202] But in another Zambian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anderson Kambela Mazoka and Two
Others v. Levy Patrick Mwanawasa and Two Others</i></b> SCZ/EP/01/02/03/2002,
the Supreme Court held that the Court, in determining the standard of proof,
should take into account the facts of the particular case:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“We
accept that the issue of standard of proof may turn out to be more a matter of
words than anything else. There can be </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">no absolute standard of
proof. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The degree must depend on the subject
matter. In the case under consideration, the standard of proof must depend on
the allegations pleaded.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[203]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lesson to
be drawn from the several authorities is, in our opinion, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">that this Court should freely determine its standard of
proof, on the basis of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">principles of
the Constitution</i>, and of its concern to give fulfilment to the safeguarded
electoral rights. As the public body responsible for elections, like other
public agencies, is subject to the “national values and principles of
governance” declared in the Constitution [Article 10], judicial practice must
not make it burdensome to enforce the principles of properly-conducted
elections which give fulfilment to the right of franchise. But at the same
time, a petitioner should be under obligation to discharge the initial burden
of proof, before the respondents are invited to bear the evidential burden. The
threshold of proof should, in principle, be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">above
the balance of probability</i>, though not as high as beyond-reasonable-doubt –
save that this would not affect the normal standards where criminal charges
linked to an election, are in question. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the case of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">data-specific electoral requirements</i> (such as those specified in
Article 38(4) of the Constitution, for an outright win in the Presidential
election), the party bearing the legal burden of proof must discharge it beyond
any reasonable doubt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(iii) The Supreme
Court’s Jurisdiction in a Presidential-election Petition<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[204]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Court’s
jurisdiction in the consolidated Petitions was not an issue for determination <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">per se</i>. That the parties chose to move
the Court to determine the validity of the Presidential election was an indication
that they had no doubts as to the Court’s jurisdiction. However, the gist of
some of the prayers in the Petition, and of the submissions made in support,
raised a question as to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nature and
extent of the Court’s jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[205] It is clear that the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction in a
Presidential election is both <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">original</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exclusive</i> – a position well
clarified in our Advisory Opinion No. 2 of 2012, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In the Matter of an Application
for Advisory Opinion under Article 163(6) of the Constitution of Kenya.</i></b>
No Court other than the Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to hear and
determine disputes relating to an election for the office of President. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[206] This jurisdiction, however, is not boundless in scope:
it is circumscribed in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extent</i> and in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">time</i>. Limited in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extent</i>, in that it relates only to an inquiry into the legal,
factual and evidentiary questions relevant to the determination of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">validity or invalidity of a Presidential
election.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[207] The Supreme Court cannot roll over the defined range
of the electoral process like a colossus. The Court must take care not to usurp
the jurisdiction of the lower Courts in electoral disputes. It follows that the
annulment of a Presidential election will not necessarily vitiate the entire
general election. And the annulment of a Presidential election need not
occasion a constitutional crisis, as the authority to declare a Presidential
election invalid is granted by the Constitution itself. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[208] A petitioner against the declaration of a candidate as
President-elect, under Articles 163(3)(a) and 140 of the Constitution as read
together with the provisions of the Supreme Court Act, 2011 (Act No. 7 of 2011)
and the Supreme Court (Presidential Elections) Rules, 2013, is required to
present a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">specific, concise</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">focused claim</i> which does not purport to
extend the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction beyond the bounds set out in the
Constitution. It follows that the Court will only grant <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">orders specific to the Presidential election.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[209] The Supreme Court’s jurisdiction is also limited in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">time-span.</i> A petition contesting the
election of a President does not set off an open-ended course of litigation
without time-frames. The applicable time-frame, within which any challenge to
the election must be filed, served, heard and determined, is prescribed under
the Constitution. Article 140(1) and (2) of the Constitution provide as
follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1)
A person may file a petition in the Supreme Court to challenge the election of
the President-elect within seven days after the date of the declaration of the
results of the Presidential election.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(2)
Within fourteen days after the filing of a petition under clause (1), the
Supreme Court shall hear and determine the petition and its decision shall be
final.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[210]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Applying the
foregoing provision, and in exercise of powers conferred by Article 163(8) of
the Constitution and Section 31 of the Supreme Court Act, 2011 the Court has
recently made and published the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supreme
Court (Presidential Election Petition) Rules, 2013.</i> These Rules constitute
the Court’s detailed norms for operationalising the terms of Article 140 of the
Constitution. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[211]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
fourteen-day limit within which the Court must hear and determine a
Presidential election petition, starts counting immediately upon filing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By Rule 7, the Petitioner has a period of
three days within which to serve the Respondent, after filing. Rule 8 allows
the Respondent three days within which to file a response, following the
service. Rule 9 provides for a pre-trial conference, nine days from the date of
filing the petition. The Court, thus, has three days within which to examine
the pleadings, before the pre-trial conference takes place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[212]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is our
perception that an intending Petitioner will utilize the seven-day window given
by the Constitution, following the declaration of election-outcome, to prepare
the pleadings. Likewise, a Respondent will utilize the three days afforded by
the Rules, to lodge a response to the Petitioner’s allegations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[213]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The purpose of
the pre-trial conference is set out in Rule 10: this is a preparatory forum to lay
the ground rules for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">expeditious,
fair</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">efficient disposal</i> of
the petition. The pre-trial conference enables the Court, upon hearing the
parties and, if need be, on its own motion, to make appropriate orders and give
directions for ensuring fair determination of the dispute.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By Rule 10(1)(f), the Court is empowered to
give preparatory directions touching on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">scheme
of evidence</i>: the filing and service of any further affidavits, or the
calling of some particular kind of evidence. The issuance of such directions is
attuned to the constitutional imperatives of the forthcoming proceedings: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">efficiency, expedition, fairness, finality</i>.
By Rule 11, the Court “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shall within two
days of the pre-trial conference commence the hearing of the petition.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[214]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
requirements of such a disciplined trial-framework fully justifies the
unlimited exercise of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Court’s
discretion</i> in making orders that shape the course of the proceedings. Thus,
in the instant case, the Court did dismiss two applications, in Rulings made
during the pre-trial conference. One of these was for an order of production of
certain documents; the other was in respect of a “Notice to Produce” a marked
voter register found at the numerous polling stations right across the country.
The Court also made an order to exclude from the proceedings a “further
affidavit” which had just been filed by the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner; the said
affidavit sought to introduce new material well after the filing of the
petition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[215]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reasons for
the Court’s decision to disallow such new matter are set out in the Ruling, as
delivered and signed. The 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent had declared the results of
the Presidential election on 9<sup>th</sup> March, 2013. By Article 140 of the
Constitution, any intending petitioner had up to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seven days</i></b> to prepare and
file the petition. The 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner elected to file his petition
on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">16<sup>th</sup>
March, 2013</i></b> and, thenceforth, the fourteen-day period for the hearing
and conclusion of the proceedings, started running. Yet, six days later, on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">23<sup>rd</sup>
March, 2013,</i></b> just two days before the pre-trial conference, the 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner filed the “further affidavit” in question. It emerged as a fact,
that the further affidavit, as the Respondents averred, was attempting to
introduce <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">new matter</i></b> into the original petition – by way of averments.
The merits of this belated move were canvassed at the pre-trial conference on
25<sup>th</sup> March, 2013; and the Court ruled on this question on 26<sup>th</sup>
March, 2013, excluding the “further affidavit.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[216]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The primary
justification for the rejection of the “further affidavit” lies in the
requirements of the disciplined trial process required under the Constitution.
The Court, besides, had taken into account all the relevant circumstances. Were
the Court to admit the new evidence, then ends of justice would demand that the
Respondents be granted reasonable time to file a response to the “further
affidavit”. The Respondents urged that they needed the same length of time it
had taken the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner to file the “further affidavit,” to
make a response – six days as from 27<sup>th</sup> March, 2013. Even had the
Court granted only half that time, the main hearing of the Petition would not
have started before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">30<sup>th</sup> March, 2013</i></b>: and the Supreme Court would,
consequently,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have failed to hear and
determine the Petition within 14 days as required by the Constitution. Allowing
the “further affidavit” would have led to consequences not only subverting the
Constitution itself, but most significantly, precipitating a crisis in the
operations of the Executive Branch. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[217]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rigid
time-frame for the resolution of Presidential-election disputes was not, in our
opinion, conceived in vain at the time of the constitution-making process. From
the terms of Article 140 of the Constitution, it is clear that<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">expedition</i> is of the essence, in
determining petitions relating to Presidential elections. As the electoral
process had, in this case, led to the declaration of a winner, but one who
could not assume office pending the determination of the petition,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the protracted holding-on of a
President-elect, as well as a retiring President, would, in our opinion,
present a state of anticipation and uncertainty which would not serve the
public interest. Expedition in the resolution of the dispute was all-important:
if the Court affirmed the election of the President-elect, then the transition
process would be responsibly accomplished; and if the Court annulled the
election, the electorate would pacifically attune itself to the setting for
fresh election – to be held within sixty days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[218] Notwithstanding such considerations of merit, which
led the Court to exclude belatedly-introduced papers, counsel argued on the
basis of Article 159(2)(d) of the Constitution, which thus provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“In
exercising judicial authority, the courts and tribunals shall be guided by the
following principles – <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">…<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">justice shall be administered without
undue regard to procedural technicalities….”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The essence of that provision is that a Court of law should
not allow the prescriptions of procedure and form to trump the primary object,
of dispensing substantive justice to the parties. This principle of merit,
however, in our opinion, bears no meaning cast-in-stone and which suits all
situations of dispute resolution. On the contrary, the Court as an agency of
the processes of justice, is called upon to appreciate all the relevant
circumstances and the requirements of a particular case, and conscientiously
determine the best course. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">time-lines</i>
for the lodgement of evidence, in a case such as this, the scheme of which is
well laid-out in the Constitution, were in our view, most material to the
opportunity to accord the parties a fair hearing, and to dispose of the
grievances in a judicial manner. Moreover, the Constitution, for purposes of
interpretation, must be read as one whole: and in this regard, the terms of
Article 159(2)(d) are not to be held to apply in a manner that ousts the
provisions of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 140,</b> as
regards the fourteen-day limit within which a petition challenging the election
of a President is to be heard and determined. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(iv )<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Judicial Restraint<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[219]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learned
counsel, Mr. Ahmednasir Abdullahi has called for the adoption of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">restraint</i> by the Court, in this
Presidential-election matter. He urges that the facts and special circumstances
of this case require restraint, in the judicial approach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[220] Counsel proceeded from the following foundation of
fact: the Presidential election took place in a context of perfect peace; as
many as 86% of the electorate – a high turnout by any standards – did vote; no
case of loss of life in the course of the election was reported. So, the will
of the electorate, by which the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent was entrusted with
the Presidential mandate, ought to be upheld.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[221] In such conditions, Mr. Abdullahi urged, the Court
should in principle desist from intervention, but should instead affirm the
principle of restraint. Learned counsel submitted that Kenya is at a sensitive
stage of establishing the institutions of democracy and constitutionalism, and
that this requires a certain degree of public confidence which, for the
judicial process, is a treasure, that can only be nurtured through restraint,
where the electoral will has been made known. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[222]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Counsel recalled,
as a comparative perspective, that judicial restraint had similarly been urged
in the American case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bush v. Al Gore</i></b> 531 U.S. (2000), in
aid of the argument that even though the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to
invalidate a Presidential election by virtue of Article 140 of the
Constitution, restraint was paramount. For, the issues involved are essentially
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">political</i> in nature. Counsel invoked
the following passage in the American case:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“None
are more conscious of the vital limits on judicial authority than are the
members of this Court, and none stand more in admiration of the Constitution’s
design to leave the selection of the President to the people…and to the
political sphere. When contending parties invoke the process of the courts,
however, it becomes our unsought responsibility to resolve the federal and
constitutional issues which the judicial system has been forced to confront</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">.”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[223] To the same effect, learned counsel cited the South
African case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Minister of Health v. Treatment Action Campaign</i></b> 2002 (5) SA 721
(CC), in which it was thus held:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Courts
are ill-suited to adjudicate upon issues where court orders could have multiple
social and economic consequences for the community. The Constitution
contemplates rather a restrained and focused role for the courts, namely, to
require the state to take measures to meet its constitutional obligations and
to subject the reasonableness of these measures to evaluation.Such
determination of reasonableness may in fact have budgetary implications….In this
way the judicial, legislative and executive functions achieve appropriate
constitutional balance.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[224]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was
counsel’s argument that, by such restraint, the Court would be contributing to
national stability by preserving its “political capital” for those rare
occasions when, as history unfolds, it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">may</i>
become appropriate to deploy it. And so, for day-to-day situations, the Supreme
Court ought to limit the “number of major principled interventions” it can make
[see A.M. Bickel in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harvard Law Review</i></b>, Vol. 75 (1961), pp.40, 75].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[225]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In agreement
with the foregoing line of reasoning, learned counsel Mr. Ngatia, for the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent, submitted that:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“what is
before the Court is a political contest”; “for all politicians, their business
is to offer themselves for elections; that of IEBC is to conduct elections;
that of the people is to decide.” Counsel submitted that in an electoral
contest such as the instant one, “the Court should have a very limited role.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[226]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this
inaugural Supreme Court which is barely two years old, and which is at the
centre of the governance processes established under the Constitution of Kenya,
2010, it is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">first time</i> the Judges
are called upon to declare their perception of their role in a fundamentally
political-cum-constitutional process. It is particularly significant that the
organ which is the subject of dispute is the most crucial agency of the
Executive Branch, namely the Presidency. The new Constitution will not be fully
operational, without the Presidential office being duly filled, as provided by
the Constitution and the ordinary law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[227] But the Constitution not only represents a special and
historic compact among <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thepeople;</i> it
expressly declares all powers of governance to emanate from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the people</i>, and to be for service to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the people</i>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 1 of the Constitution</b> thus provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1) All sovereign power
belongs to the people of Kenya and shall be exercised only in accordance with
this Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(2) The people may
exercise their sovereign power directly or through their democratically elected
representatives.” <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[228] What is now before the Court is a case in which the
people, as makers and main beneficiaries of the Constitution, have employed the
prescribed machinery, and cast their votes, in exercise of their political will
to elect the leading member of the Executive Branch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[229] What principle ought to guide this Court in its
attempts to resolve the electoral question?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[230]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Without as yet
deciding the main question in the contest, we express the opinion that, in the
special circumstances of this case, an insightful judicial approach is
essential. There may be an unlimited number of ways in which such an approach
is to guide the Court. But the fundamental one, in our opinion, is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fidelity to the terms of the Constitution,</i>
and of such other law as objectively reflects the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">intent and purpose of the Constitution</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(v)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Technology in Kenya’s Electoral Process<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[231]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The main
Petition before this Court is founded, significantly, on the contention that
the Petitioner was prejudiced by an inconsistent application of electronic
devices and, in particular, by IEBC’s abandonment of such technology and resort
to the manual electoral procedure. While there is sufficient evidence to guide
the Court in this matter, it is apposite to set out relevant principles on the
application of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">electronic technology</i>
in elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[232] Failure of technology is relied upon by the
Petitioners, on the footing that it disrupted the transmission of election
results, and so, these results ceased to be in keeping with the secure
standards required by law. The Petitioners contend that section 39 of the
Elections Act, 2011 as read with Regulation 82 of the Elections (General)
Regulations, 2012 creates a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mandatory
obligation to provide for the electronic transmission of the results.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[233] We take judicial notice that, as with all
technologies, so it is with electoral technology: it is rarely perfect, and
those employing it must remain open to the coming of new and improved
technologies. Analogy may be drawn with the traditional refereeing methods in
football which, as their defects became apparent, were not altogether
abandoned, but were complemented with television-monitoring, which enabled
watchers to detect errors in the pitch which had occurred too fast for the
referees and linesmen and lineswomen to notice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[234]In the instant case, there is evidence that the EVID
and RTS technologies were used in the electoral process at the beginning, but
they later stalled and crashed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Different
reasons explain this failure but, by the depositions of Dismus Ong’ondi, the
failure mainly arose from the misunderstandings and squabbles among IEBC
members during the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">procurement process</i>
– squabbles which occasioned the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">failure
to assess the integrity of the technologies in good time.</i>It is, indeed,
likely that the acquisition process was marked by competing interests involving
impropriety, or even criminality: and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">we recommend that this matter be entrusted
to the relevant State agency, for further investigation and possible
prosecution of suspects. <o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[235] But as regards the integrity of the election itself,
what lawful course could IEBC have taken after the transmission technology
failed? There was no option, in our opinion, but to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">revert to the manual electoral system</i>, as was done. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[236]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We note from
the evidence that the said manual system, though it did serve as a vital
fall-back position, has itself a major weakness which IEBC has a public duty to
set right. The ultimate safeguard for the voter registration process, namely
“the Green Book”, has data that is not backed-up, just in case of a fire, or
other like calamity. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We signal this as an urgent item of the agenda
of the IEBC, and recommend appropriate redressive action</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[237] From case law, and from Kenya’s electoral history, it
is apparent that electronic technology has <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not </i></b>provided perfect solutions. Such
technology has been inherently undependable, and its adoption and application
has been only <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">incremental,</i> over time.
It is not surprising that the applicable law has entrusted a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">discretion </i>to IEBC, on the application
of such technology as may be found appropriate. Since such technology has not
yet achieved a level of reliability, it cannot as yet be considered a permanent
or irreversible foundation for the conduct of the electoral process. This <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">negates the Petitioner’s contention</i>
that, in the instant case, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">injustice, or
illegality in the conduct of election would result, if IEBC did not
consistently employ electronic technology</i>. It follows that the Petitioner’s
case, insofar as it attributes nullity to the Presidential election on grounds
of failed technological devices, is not sustainable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(vi)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Institutional Independence, Discharge of
Public <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Responsibility, and
Exercise of Discretion<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[238] A major element in the Petitioner’s case turns on the
Constitution’s conferment upon IEBC of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">institutional
independence</i>, as a basis for the discharge of its public, electoral
responsibility. How ought the responsibility to be exercised, and what is the role
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">discretion</i> in this?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[239] The Petitioners impugn the manner in which IEBC
conducted the tallying of votes at the National Tallying Centre, and in
particular, the fact that the Commission had, at some stage, restricted the
operations of political party agents during the tallying. The 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">admitted</i>
having imposed certain limitations on the said agents, but averred that such
action was taken in exercise of essential discretion. These Respondents aver
that, sometime in the evening of 5<sup>th</sup> March, 2013, the political
party agents inside the tallying hall became rowdy and quarrelsome, and engaged
IEBC staff in paralyzing confrontations. IEBC responded to the mischief by
taking the decision to relocate the party agents to a boardroom in the
auditorium at the National Tallying Centre, where they were regularly supplied
with the forms and documents necessary for the verification of vote-tallies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[240]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Was this a
lawful exercise of discretion by IEBC?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Did such exercise of discretion vitiate the quality of tallying, and of the
electoral process, so as to lead to the conclusion that the electoral process
was not lawfully conducted?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[241] The Constitution, by Article 138(3)(c), takes
cognizance of the fact that the counting of votes takes place at the polling
stations, after which IEBC tallies, verifies and declares the results. On this
basis, it is clear that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">IEBC has the
mandate</i> to count, tally and verify the voting results. However, Regulation
85(1)(e) of the Elections (General) Regulations, 2012 allows political party
agents to be present at the Tallying Centre. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[242] What is the legal and public standing of the party
agents at the National Tallying Centre?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In our opinion, it is all about the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public
perception</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legitimacy</i>, which
are of the essence in a distinctly political process such as a Presidential
election. IEBC is expected to operate <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">transparently,</i>
without retreating from the public forum of visibility, and without disengaging
from the stakeholders of the electoral process. However, as there is no sharp
definition of the mode of such engagement, IEBC is to be guided by the “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">national values and principles of governance</i>”
declared in the Constitution, namely “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">good
governance, integrity, transparency and accountability”</i> [Article 10(2)(c)].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[243]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such values, in
the context of a large-scale exercise such as the Presidential election, will
operate optimally only in conditions of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">good
order,peace</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">security</i>; and it
is in the first place the responsibility of the machinery of IEBC to ensure
that such conditions prevail. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Discretion </i>is
of the essence, in the exercise of such responsibility: and it follows, as the
basic evidence of the state of affairs at the National Tallying Centre was not
contested, that IEBC, indeed, had <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an
obligation</i> to resolve any kind of impasse afflicting the tallying of
Presidential-election votes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[244]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This Court has
had occasion, in the past, to pronounce itself on the proper functioning of the
various independent Commissions and agencies established under the
Constitution. The following two passages in the Court’s Ruling, from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inthe
Matter of the Interim Independent Electoral Commission</i></b>, Sup. Ct. Const.
Application No. 2 of 2011, are apposite:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 27.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“[It
is] a matter [of] which we take judicial notice, that the real purpose of the
‘independence clause’ with regard to [the] Commissions and independent offices
established under the Constitution, was to provide a safeguard against undue
interference with such Commissions or offices by other persons, or other institutions
of government.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 27.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 27.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“[While]
bearing in mind that the various Commissions and independent offices are
required to function free of subjection to ‘direction or control by any person
or authority’, we hold that this expression is to be accorded its ordinary and
natural meaning and it means that the Commissions and independent offices, in
carrying out their functions, are not to take orders or instructions from
organs or persons outside their ambit.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[245]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the
principles we have set out, and from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">evidence</i>
on record, we are able to dispose of the issue regarding the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tallying of votes at the National Tallying
Centre.</i> We must come to the conclusion that tallying was indeed conducted
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">accordance with the law</i>, and the
relocation of political party agents <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">did
not</i> undermine the credibility of the tallying, nor provide a basis for
annulling the outcome of the Presidential election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[246] A related claim by the Petitioner is that there were
instances in which the vote-tallying operation inflated the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent’s votes, while deflating the Petitioner’s. What is offered as proof
of this assertion is only the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">apprehension</i>
that the initial electronic vote-transmission had maintained a suspect, steady
differential between the two sets of tallies – and that this suggested
manipulation and impropriety on the part of IEBC. The Petitioner, besides,
sought to introduce belatedly, during the submissions, certain information
suggesting mismatches between the contents of Forms 34 and 36 used at the
National Tallying Centre. Hardly any matter of significance, at this stage,
came before the Court such as would alter the thrust of the overall evidence
and the submissions on law; and we must hold that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">no challenge to the tallying process </i>has been made such as to lead
to an order of annulment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 31.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(vii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Voter Register: Accuracy, Credibility, Verifiability –<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Implications for Validity of Election <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[247]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This Court will not, as already stated, make such orders or grant such
reliefs as would have the effect of precipitating conflicts between its
jurisdiction and that of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>other Courts.
However, as regards elections that run on common voter rolls and common
management settings, the Court may inquire into any allegations of
voter-registration malpractices, where such are said to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">affect the validity of a Presidential election</i>. Such, indeed, are
the allegations by the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner, regarding the credibility of
the voter register that was used during the elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March,
2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[248]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioners’ cases turn on the validity or
invalidity of the “Principal Register of Voters.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The point was taken up in evidence, and was
substantially canvassed in the submissions. What is the “Principal Register of
Voters”?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the light of the provisions
of the Constitution [Articles 38(3) and 83] and of the Elections Act, 2011
[Sections 2, 3, 4], and of the evidence adduced in Court, we must conclude that
such a register is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not a single document</i>,
but is an amalgam of several parts prepared to cater for divers <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">groups of electors</i>. The number of parts
of a register and the diversity of electors for whom it is prepared, is
dictated by law, and the prevailing demographic circumstances of the country’s
population. The register can also take several forms, as contemplated by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Section 2 of the Elections Act</b>, which
stipulates that such a register <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“includes
a register compiled electronically.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[249]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
multiplicity of registers is a reality of Kenya’s voter registration system
which is recognized in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">law </i>and widely
acknowledged in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">practice.</i> The
register once developed and finalized, is disaggregated and dispersed to
various electoral units, to facilitate the process of voting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such units include the polling stations, the
wards, the constituencies, the counties, and even the Diaspora voting centres. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[250] It is plain to the Court that the argument
of the Petitioners that the Presidential elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March,
2013 could only have been based on the BVR element of the Principal Register of
Voters, is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not </b>tenable; nor is it tenable
to contend that the BVR Register all by itself, was the Principal Register of
Voters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[251]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To
guarantee the credibility of the voter register, the agency entrusted with
responsibility (IEBC) for voter registration must ensure as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">all
those who turn out to register are qualified to be registered, in accordance
with the constitutional and legal requirements;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">all
those who turn out to register are actually registered and their particulars
accurately captured;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
administrative arrangements put in lace to facilitate the registration process
are simple, transparent and <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">accessible;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
public and political actors are kept informed of the various steps in the
register-preparation process;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
resultant register is verifiable.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[252] We are inclined to accept the explanations
given by the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents, of the mode of
compilation of the voters’ roll. The depositions of the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondent and of Immaculate Kassait, and especially when taken alongside the
submissions of learned counsel, Mr. Nyamodi, have conveyed a credible account
on the manner in which the voters’ register used in the 4<sup>th</sup> March,
2013 Presidential election, was prepared. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legal burden of showing</i> that the voters’ register as compiled and
used, was in any way in breach of the law, or compromised the voters’ electoral
rights, was not, in our opinion, discharged by the Petitioners. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[253]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An
intriguing point about the integrity of the voters’ register was as regards a
“Special Register”, which shows different numbers of voters at different times
(31,318 at one remove, and 36,236 at another remove). It was deponed in the
affidavit of Winifred Guchu, that the “Special Register” had been created to
provide for persons whose features could not be captured by the BVR device.
Counsel for the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner had urged that the “Special Register”
was not only irregular in character, but that it had been used exclusively in
the stronghold voting areas of the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This serious allegation, which could well
taint the credibility of the election, was stoutly contested by learned
counsel, M/s. Nyaoga, Nyamodi and Nani for the 1<sup>st</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondents who relied on the affidavit evidence of Dismus Ong’ondi and
Immaculate Kassait. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[254]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On
the basis of the evidence on record, and of the merits of the submissions by
counsel, we find no mystery about the “Special Register”, which was indeed used
throughout the country, in diverse electoral areas. We also found no proof that
the Special Register served any improper cause, in favour of any of the
candidates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[255]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
was urged for the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner, that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondents had compiled the “Green Book” which was not provided for in the law
– and that the Green Book undermined both the credibility and the legality of
the registration process. In our finding, from the evidence, the “Green Book”,
though not provided for in law, is a primary document that was used by the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent to originate the primary register of voters, which later evolved
into a Provisional Register, and then a Final Principal Register. It is not
apparent to us that such an original record, the “Green Book,” employed by
IEBC, required to be provided for by law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[256] The 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner also cited
variations in the numbers of registered voters, as a factor of illegality in
the conduct of the Presidential election. Learned counsel, Mr. Oraro submitted
that at the close of the register on 18<sup>th</sup> December, 2012 the total
number of registered voters was 14,333,339; but that at the time of
gazettement, the number was shown as 14,352,455. We have, however, found no
major anomalies between the total number of registered voters and the total
tally in the declaration of Presidential-election results made by the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondent on 9<sup>th</sup> March, 2013. Although, as we find, there were many
irregularities in the data and information-capture during the registration
process, these were not so substantial as to affect the credibility of the
electoral process; and besides, no credible evidence was adduced to show that
such irregularities were premeditated and introduced by the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent, for the purpose of causing prejudice to any particular candidate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[257]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These findings lead us to the conclusion that the voter registration
process was, on the whole, transparent, accurate, and verifiable; and the voter
register compiled from this process did serve to facilitate the conduct of
free, fair and transparent elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(viii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Question of “Rejected Votes”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[258]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>From the
submissions of counsel, it emerged that “rejected votes” are marked ballot
papers that fail to comply with the approved marking format, or in some way
infringe the prescribed vote-casting standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Such votes, at the time of counting, are not tallied to the advantage of
any candidate, but are accumulated separately and numbered in the category of
“rejected votes”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[259]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Yet, by Article
138(4) of the Constitution it is provided:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“A candidate shall be declared elected as
President if the<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>candidate receives – <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">more
than half of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">all the votes cast</b> in the election; and <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">at
least twenty-five per cent of the votes cast in each of more than half of the
counties.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[260]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all the votes cast”</i>?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Do these include even the “rejected votes”,
which, of course, were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cast</b>?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or are they limited to the properly-marked
ballots which figured in the vote-tally for the individual candidates?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[261]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The expression “all the votes cast,” presents
a problem of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interpretation – because
the Court has to consider the prevailing position under the earlier instrument,
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Constitution of Kenya, 1969.</b> The
corresponding provision in that Constitution provided as follows [Section 5
(5)(e)]:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“the
candidate for President who receives a greater number of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">valid votes cast </b>in the presidential election than any
othercandidate who, in addition, receives a minimum of twenty-five per cent of
the votes cast in at least five of the eight provinces shall be declared to be
elected as President”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[262] <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is it intended, in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Constitution of Kenya, 2010</b> that the expression “more than half of
all the votes cast” should mean, literally, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">all theballot papers</b> that were marked and cast into the ballot
box?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or should it mean only all the
valid votes that were cast, and were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">counted
in favour of one candidate or another?<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[263]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
question became contentious because the 3<sup>rd</sup>Petitioner raised it;but
other parties then latched on to it. Counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent
contested all expansive interpretation of the phrase “all the votes cast,” on
the basis that his client would be the loser, while the Petitioner would gain.
It was significant to the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent for the reason, as he
believed, that if all the “rejected votes” were included in the computation of
vote-tally percentages, then it would raise the 1<sup>st</sup>Petitioner’s
percentage-tally towards the 50% mark, and lower his own tally to a figure
below 50% –<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the direct effect being that
the Court would have to order a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">run-off
election</i> between the two leading candidates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not surprisingly, a Petitioner in Petition
No. 3 of 2013 had moved the Court not only to exclude the “rejected votes” in
the Presidential-election tally, but to go further and, on that basis, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">order a re-calculation and re-tally of the
votes properly attributable to each of the candidates.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His hopes were that the Court would, in this
way, reach a finding that the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent’s percentage vote-tally
was significantly above 50%.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">already held,</i> however, that such a
process of re-tallying of votes, re-computing and re-assignment of value, falls
beyond the election-contest mandate of this Court, and is excluded by the “rule
of remoteness”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[264]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Petitioners in Petition No. 3 of 2013 argued their case on the basis of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elections (General) Regulations, 2012</b> –
Regulations 71, 73, 77 and 78.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
urged that these Regulations draw a distinction between the words “ballot”, and
“vote”, even though these were sometimes used interchangeably.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Counsel urged that the terms “ballot” and
“ballot paper” describe the paper containing the names of the candidates in
relation to which the voter expresses a preference through the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vote</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
– </b>so that the “vote” is a ballot paper that has been <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">marked to show a preference</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On the basis of Regulation 78(2), learned counsel, Mr. Regeru, urged
that a “rejected ballot paper” is null and void:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and so, all rejected ballots <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">should not give the basis for determining
the winner of an election, </i>at any stage whatsoever.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[265]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Petitioners in Petition No. 3 of 2013 relied on the terms of the Elections Act,
2011;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>these define ballot paper as –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .8in; margin-right: 31.5pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“[a]
paper used to record the choice made by a voter and shall include an electronic
version of a ballot paper or its equivalent for the purposes of voting.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">They submitted that a ballot paper becomes a
vote only once it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">expresses a preference </i>for,
or against a candidate; and the term “rejected vote” is, therefore, a
misnomer:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>what the law contemplates is a
“rejected ballot paper,” and not a “rejected vote”; a ballot paper once
rejected, or declared void by law, is incapable of expressing any preference
for, or against a candidate. On this account, it was urged, invalid ballot
papers cannot be introduced into the percentage-vote tallying process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[266]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Learned
counsel for the Petitioners in Petition No. 3 of 2013 introduced the
comparative judicial practice in electoral matters, in support of their
case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They invoked the Seychelles case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Popular
Democratic Movement v. Electoral Commission,</i></b>Const. Case No. 16 of 2011
which had come up before the Constitutional Court; and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Burhan, J held that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 40.5pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rejected ballot papers are not to be counted as ‘votes’; and therefore
the term ‘votes cast’ cannot and will not include ‘rejected’ ballot papers.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[267]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The
1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents’ answer was that, in using the
“rejected votes” in the calculation of threshold-percentages in the
Presidential election vote-tally, they had acted in good faith, in particular
as the relevant provisions of the Constitution (Articles 86(b) and 138(4)) did
not expressly provide that “rejected votes” should not be counted or considered
in the computation of percentages as envisaged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[268]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Conceding that there is an uncertainty as to the effect of the expression “all
the votes cast” in Article 138(4) of the Constitution, the 1<sup>st</sup>and 2<sup>nd</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respondents called upon this Court to provide a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">guiding interpretation.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[269]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
line of submissions made in Court is that the expression “all votes cast”, as
used in Article 138(4) of the Constitution as read together with the Elections
Act, 2011 and the Elections (General) Regulations, 2012 requires a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">broad, purposive interpretation</i> in the
context of constitutional principles; and that this will lead to the exclusion
of “rejected votes” in the computation of the percentage-vote requirement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[270] There is a contrasting line of submission
by the 4<sup>th</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> Petitioners: that Article 138(4) of
the Constitution entails no ambiguity, and that a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">literal interpretation</i> is to be preferred; and the consequence is
an inclusion of the “rejected votes” in the computation of the winning
percentage-threshold.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[271]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Neither the Constitution nor the Elections Act, 2011 defines the term “rejected
votes”. The Elections (General) Regulations, 2012, while providing for the
“spoilt ballot paper” and the “disputed vote”, does not define the term
“rejected vote”: but it sets out the criteria upon which a ballot may be
“rejected”; and although a Regulation bears the rubric “rejected ballot papers”
in the marginal note, its provisions only indicate the circumstances in which a
vote becomes invalid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[272]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
interpretation section of the Elections Act states that ‘ballot paper’ “means a
paper used to record the choice made by a voter and shall include an electronic
version of a ballot paper or its equivalent for purposes of electronic voting”.
The Elections (General) Regulations, 2012 defines ‘rejected ballot paper’ as a
ballot paper rejected in accordance with Regulations 77 and 78.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[273]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Regulation 77 of the Elections (General) Regulations, 2012 which relates to the
rejection of ballot papers, thus provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the counting of votes at an election, any
ballot paper – <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.35in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">which
does not bear the security features determined by the Commission;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">on
which votes are marked, or appears to be marked against the names of, more than
one candidate;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">on
which anything is written or so marked as to be uncertain for whom the vote has
been cast;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: 27.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">which
bears<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a serial number different from the
serial number of the respective polling station and which cannot be verified
from the counterfoil of ballot papers used at that polling station; or<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">is
unmarked, shall… be void and shall not be counted.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[274]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The
expression “rejected ballot paper” may be considered alongside “spoilt ballot
paper” which is provided for in Regulation 71:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 31.5pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“A
voter who has inadvertently dealt with his or her ballot paper in such a manner
that it cannot be conveniently used as a ballot paper may, on delivering it to
the presiding officer and proving to the satisfaction of such officer the fact
of the inadvertence, obtain another ballot paper in the place of the ballot
paper so delivered and the spoilt paper shall be immediately cancelled and the
counterfoil thereof marked accordingly.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[275]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The law, thus, is clear: the “spoilt ballot
paper” will not find its way into a ballot box – and so, it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">does not count as a vote.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[276]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Regulation 78 provides for yet another category of votes, known as the
“disputed vote”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is thus provided
[Reg. 78(2)]:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 40.5pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“The
presiding officer shall mark every ballot paper counted but whose validity has
been disputed or questioned by a candidate or an agent with the word ‘disputed’
but such ballot paper shall be treated as valid for the purpose of the
declaration of election results at the polling station.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[277]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The
comparative experience shows that different countries refer to votes cast by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">different terms</i>, and assign <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">differing consequences</i> to the
contrasting categories of votes. In countries such as Ghana, Cyprus and
Portugal, the winner in an election is determined only by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valid votes cast</i>. Under the Constitution
of Seychelles, the broad term “votes cast”, just as in Kenya, has been adopted;
and it became necessary for the Constitutional Court, in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Popular Democratic Movement v.
Electoral Commission</i></b>(supra) to hold upon a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">literal interpretation</i>, that “votes cast” included both <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">spoilt votes</i> and valid votes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Objections were raised, and this matter came
before the Court of Appeal, which overturned the decision,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and held that the term “votes cast” must be
construed to mean only <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valid votes cast.</i>The
Court of Appeal remarked that, to count spoilt votes and ascribe to them the
quality of valid votes, is improper as it entails converting the “latent vote”
of the elector into a “patent vote” – and such an approach would render
meaningless the distinction between<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spoilt votes </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">valid votes.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[278]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
most striking example of a departure from the foregoing line of reasoning is
found in the Constitution of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Croatia,</i></b>
Article 95 of which provides that “the President shall be elected by a majority
of all electors who voted”, thus in the tallying of votes, invalid votes are
taken into account.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[279]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> By
Article 82(d) of the Constitution of Kenya, Parliament is empowered to enact
legislation to provide for the conduct of elections and referenda, and for the
regulation and efficient supervision of elections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Parliament did enact the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elections Act, 2011 (Act No. 24 of 2011),</b> which confers upon IEBC
the power to make regulations for the conduct of elections. The Act (Section
109(1)(p)) provides that IEBC may make Regulations to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“prescribe
the procedure to be followed in the counting of votes and the circumstances in
which votes may be rejected by a returning officer as being invalid”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[280]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Regulations made by IEBC have no provision for “rejected votes”, though they
provide for “rejected ballot papers”, “spoilt ballot papers”, and “disputed
votes”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is clear that “spoilt ballot
papers” are those which are not placed in the ballot box, but are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cancelled</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">replaced</i>where necessary, by the presiding officer at the polling
station. This differs from the “rejected ballot papers” which, although placed
in the ballot-box, are subsequently <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">declared
invalid, </i>on account of certain factors specified in the election
regulations – such as fraud, duplicity of marking, and related shortfalls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[281]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> No
law and no Regulation brings out any distinction between “vote” and “ballot
paper”, even though both the governing statute and its Regulations have used
these terms interchangeably.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have to
draw the inference that neither the Legislature, nor IEBC, had attached any
significance to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">possibility of
differing meanings; </i>which leads us to the conclusion that a ballot paper
marked and inserted into the ballot-box, has consistently been perceived as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vote;</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>thus, the ballot paper marked and inserted into the ballot-box will be a
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valid vote</i> or a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rejected vote</i>, depending on the elector’s compliance with the
applicable standards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[282]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since,
in principle, the compliant ballot paper, or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the vote</i>, counts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in favour of
the intended candidate</i>, this is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valid
vote</i>; but the non-compliant ballot paper, or vote, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">will not count in the tally of any candidate;</i> it is not only <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rejected,</i> but is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">invalid,</i> and confers no electoral advantage upon any candidate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[283]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> In
that sense, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the rejected vote is void</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This leads to the crucial question in
Petition No. 3:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">why should such a vote, or ballot paper which is incapable of
conferring upon any candidate a numerical advantage, be made the basis of
computing percentage accumulations of votes</i>, so as to ascertain that one or
the other candidate attained the threshold of 50% + 1 – and so such a candidate
should be declared the outright winner of the Presidential election, and there
should be no run-off election?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[284]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> We
can only answer such a logical question by adverting to the Judiciary’s mandate
as specified in Article 259(1) (d) of the Constitution: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">to interpret the Constitution in a manner that “contributes to good
governance”.</i>Beyond that,Article 259 requires an interpretation that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(a) promotes [the Constitution’s]
purposes, values and principles;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(b) advances the rule of law and the
human rights and fundamental<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>freedoms in
the Bill of Rights;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(c)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>permits the development of the law……”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The instrument of implementation of the above
provisions is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Supreme Court Act,
2011 (Act No. 7 of 2011),</b> which thus provides in Section 3:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“The
object of this Act is to make further provision with respect to the operation
of the Supreme Court as a court of final judicial authority to, among other
things – <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>assert the supremacy of the Constitution and
the sovereignty of the people of Kenya;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">provide
authoritative and impartial interpretation of the Constitution;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>develop rich jurisprudence that respects
Kenya’s history and traditions and facilitates its social, economic and
political growth….”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[285]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Taking
into account the progressive character of the Constitution, and in particular
its declared “national values and principles of governance” [Article 10], we
hereby render the interpretation that the provision of Article 138(4),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“A
candidate shall be declared elected as president if the candidate receives –<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>more than half of all votes cast in the election;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">at
least twenty-five per cent of the votes cast in each of more than half of the
counties” – </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">refers only to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valid votes cast</i>, and does not include ballot papers, or votes,
cast but are later rejected for non-compliance with the terms of the governing
law and Regulations. We are, in this regard, guided by a purposive<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>approach, founded on the overall design
and intent of the Constitution. We respectfully agree, on this point, with the
position taken by the Constitutional Court of Seychelles in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Popular
Democratic Movement v. Electoral Commission</i></b> (see para. 266, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">(ix) Possible
Reliefs:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A “Fresh Election?”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[286] The Attorney-General, as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amicus
curiae</i></b>, invited the Court to give directions on a line of relief
declared by the Constitution, depending on the finding on merits.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Article 138(5)</b> of the Constitution
stipulates that if after the hearing of the Petition, the Court finds no
candidate to have been duly elected, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a
fresh election shall be held within thirty days after the previous election and
in that fresh election the only candidates shall be – <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
candidate, or the candidates, who received the greatest number of votes; and<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
candidate, or the candidates, who received the second greatest number of
votes.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[287]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The expression “a fresh election” appears
also in Article 140(3), which thus provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“If the Supreme Court
determines the election of the President-elect to be invalid, a fresh election
shall be held within sixty days after the determination.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As the phrase “fresh election,”
as used in Article 140(3), does not tally with its application in Article
138(2) and (3), the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amicus curiae</i></b> sought the Court’s answer to the following
question: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Does the fresh election
anticipated by Article 140(3) mean an entirely new Presidential election
(including the nomination process), or does [it] mean a similar election as
that anticipated under Article 138(5) and (7) – with the same candidates as in
the earlier poll?”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[288] Article 138(4) provides
that a candidate shall be declared elected if the candidate receives: (a) more
than half of all the votes cast in the election; and (b) at least 25% of the
votes cast in each of more than half of the counties. Article 138(5) provides
that if no candidate is elected, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a fresh
election</i> shall be held within 30 days following the previous election, and
in this later election the candidates shall be:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(a) the candidate, or the candidates, who received the greatest number
of votes; and (b) the candidate, or the candidates, who received the second
greatest number of votes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Article 138
(6) provides that if more than one candidate receives the greatest number of
votes, then Article 138(5)(b) shall not apply and the only candidates in the
fresh election shall be those contemplated in Article 138(5)(a). Article 138(7)
provides that the candidate who receives the most votes in the fresh election
shall be declared elected as President.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[289] It is clear that a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fresh election</i> under Article 140(3) is
triggered by the invalidation of the election of the declared President-elect,
by the Supreme Court, following a successful petition against such election. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since such a fresh election is built on the
foundations of the invalidated election, it can, in our opinion, only involve
candidates who participated in the original election. In that case, there will
be no basis for a fresh nomination of candidates for the resultant electoral
contest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[290]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suppose, however, that the candidates, or a
candidate who took part in the original election, dies or abandons the
electoral quest before the scheduled date: then the provisions of Article
138(1) (b) would become applicable, with fresh nominations ensuing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[291]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barring the foregoing scenario, does the
“fresh election” contemplated under Article 140(3) bear the same meaning as the
one contemplated under Article 138(5) and (7)? The answer depends on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nature of the petition that invalidated the
original election.</i> If the petitioner was only <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">one</i></b> of the candidates,
and who had taken the second position in vote-tally to the President-elect,
then the “fresh election” will, in law, be confined to the petitioner and the
President-elect. And all the remaining candidates who did not contest the
election of the President-elect, will be assumed to have either conceded
defeat, or acquiesced in the results as declared by IEBC; and such candidates
may not participate in the “fresh election.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[292]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such, indeed, is the situation in the instant
case. It follows that if this Court should invalidate the election of the 3<sup>rd</sup>
and 4<sup>th</sup> Respondents, only the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner would
participate as a contestant in the “fresh election” against the
President-elect. And the candidate who receives the most votes in the fresh
election would be declared elected as President. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[293]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But suppose a successful petition challenging
the President-elect were filed by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">more
than one candidate</i> who had participated in the original election. The only candidates
in the fresh election, in such a case, in our opinion, would be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the petitioners</i> as well as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">declared President-elect</i> whose election
had been annulled. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[294]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suppose further, that the election of a
declared President-elect is annulled following the petition of a person who was
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not
</i></b>a candidate in the original election. In such a case, in our opinion,
each of the Presidential-election candidates in the original election would be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">entitled</i> to participate in the “fresh
election”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– and no fresh nominations
would be required.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">K.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DETERMINATION OF THE PETITIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[295]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">evidence</i> in the consolidated Petition
has been laid out in detail, and is the primary basis for disposing of the
several prayers. The Court has also considered various <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">questions of law</i> and of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">general
constitutional principle</i>, upon which the Petitioners rely in their
prayers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As such broader foundations to
the cases concerned specific prayers, and as the relevant issues were squarely
canvassed by counsel, we were able to make our findings, and embody the same at
various stages in this Judgment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[296]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But,
ultimately, the primary issue is the claim made by the Petitioners in Petitions
No. 4 and No. 5; and these resolve into the issue in Petition No. 5, namely: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Must the certificate of election as
President-elect, issued to the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent, be cancelled</i>; and
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">should an Order be made for a fresh
Presidential election to take place in Kenya?</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[297]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The
evidence laid before the Court has to be considered on the basis of relevant principles
of law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the case law, it is clear
that an alleged wrong in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">electoral
process</i> cannot be rectified on the basis of the conventional yardsticks of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">civil</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">criminal law</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In criminal
law, proof must be “beyond any reasonable doubt”, as the liberties of the
subject are at stake and, failing absolute proof, an accused person must be set
at liberty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By contrast, in civil law,
which is private matter between two individuals, a wrong only needs to be proved
on a balance of probability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[298]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An
alleged breach of an electoral law, which leads to a perceived loss by a
candidate, as in the Presidential election which has led to this Petition,
takes different considerations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
office of President is the focal point of political leadership, and therefore,
a critical <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">constitutional office</i>.
This office is one of the main offices which, in a democratic system, are
constituted strictly on the basis of majoritarian expression. The whole
national population has a clear interest in the occupancy of this office which,
indeed, they themselves renew from time to time, through the popular vote.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[299]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a
basic principle, it should not be for the Court to determine who comes to
occupy the Presidential office; save that this Court, as the ultimate judicial
forum, entrusted under the Supreme Court Act, 2011 (Act No. 7 of 2011) with the
obligation to “assert the supremacy of the Constitution and the
sovereignty<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the people of Kenya” [s.3(a)],
must <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">safeguard the electoral process</i>
and ensure that individuals accede to power in the Presidential office, only in
compliance with the law regarding elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[300]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> It
follows that this Court must hold in reserve the authority, legitimacy and
readiness to pronounce on the validity of the occupancy of that office, if there
is any major breach of the electoral law, as provided in the Constitution and
the governing law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[301]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
take judicial notice that Kenya, thanks to the relentlessness of the people’s
democratic struggles, has recently enacted for herself the current
Constitution, which assures for every citizen an opportunity for personal
security and for self-actualization in a free environment. The Judiciary in
general, and this Supreme Court in particular, has a central role in the
protection of that Constitution and in the realization of its fruits so these
may inure to all within our borders; and in the exercise of that role, we
choose to keep our latitude of judicial authority unclogged: so the Supreme
Court may be trusted to have a watchful eye over the play of the Constitution
in the fullest sense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even as we think
it right that this Court should not be a limiting factor to the enjoyment of
free political choices by the people, we hold ourselves ready to address and to
resolve any grievances which flow from any breach of the Constitution, and the
laws in force under its umbrella.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[302]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is in this context that we have given careful consideration to the special
facts of the instant case. We have set out the facts in detail, so these may
show us how the grievances arose, and what electoral problem there has
been.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We moved <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">suo motu</i></b>to have a
re-tallying of some of the data generated in the Presidential-election
proceedings<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[303]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
came to the conclusion that, by no means can the conduct of this election be said
to have been perfect, even though, quite clearly, the election had been of the
greatest interest to the Kenyan people, and they had voluntarily come out into
the polling stations, for the purpose of electing the occupant of the
Presidential office.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[304]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Did
the Petitioner clearly and decisively show the conduct of the election to have
been <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">so devoid of merits</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">so distorted, as not to reflect the expression
of the people’s electoral intent</i>? It is this <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">broad test</i> that should guide us in this kind of case, in deciding
whether we should disturb the outcome of the Presidential election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[305]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
have already considered the foundations of the main grievance: as regards the
acquisition of electronic technology for the electoral process; with regard to
the partial employment of such technology, before reverting to the manual
process; as regards the maintenance of a Voter Register; and in relation to the
tallying of votes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Firstly, we have
considered the extent to which any breach of the law would have been occasioned
in the several areas of operation, and whether such, would disclose
reprehensible conduct having the effect of negating the voters’ intent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[306]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secondly,
we have considered the evidence which came by way of depositions, and which was
vigorously canvassed by the parties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
summary, the evidence, in our opinion, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">does
not disclose any profound irregularity</i> in the management of the electoral
process, nor does it gravely impeach the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mode
of participation</i> in the electoral process by any of the candidates who
offered himself or herself before the voting public. It is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not evident,</i> on the facts of this case, that the candidate declared
as the President-elect had not obtained the basic vote-threshold justifying his
being declared as such.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[307]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
will, therefore, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">disallow</i> the
Petition, and uphold the Presidential- election results as declared by IEBC on
9<sup>th</sup> March, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[308]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Each
of the parties coming before us has sought orders as to costs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This, of course, is an adversarial system of
litigation; and therefore, parties will invariably be asking for costs, at the
conclusion of a matter such as this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[309]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yet
we have to take into account certain important considerations, in relation to
costs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is already clear that the
nature of the matters considered in a Presidential-election petition is unique.
Although the petitions are filed by individuals who claim to have moved the Court
in their own right, the constitutional issues are of a public nature – since
such an election is of the greatest importance to the entire nation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[310]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Besides,
this is a unique case, coming at a crucial historical moment in the life of the
new Kenyan State defined by a new Constitution, over which the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supreme Court</i> has a vital<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oversight role</i>. Indeed, this Court
should be appreciative of those who chose to come before us at this moment,
affording us an opportunity to pronounce ourselves on constitutional questions
of special moment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accordingly, we do
not see this instance as just another opportunity for the regular professional-business
undertaking of counsel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[311] We do, however, greatly appreciate the
outstanding contribution of all counsel appearing before us in these historic
proceedings. We acknowledge them for their ingenuity and enterprise, in urging
before us the vital questions of law and evidence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">L.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ORDERS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[312]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In unanimity on the matters brought before us
in these proceedings, we make orders as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .85in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Petition No. 5 of 2013 in the
Consolidated Petitions be and is hereby dismissed.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Petition No. 4 of 2013 in the
Consolidated Petitions be and is hereby dismissed.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Petition
No. 3 of 2013 in the Consolidated Petitions, and with regard to the prayer for
Orders for the re-computation of vote-tally percentages by the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondent, is declined, for want of jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .85in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Each party shall bear their own costs.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DATED</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ISSUED<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NAIROBI</b> this………..day of …………………., 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">……………………………….…..<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
……………………………..………..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>W.M. MUTUNGA<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>
P.K. TUNOI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">CHIEF JUSTICE
& PRESIDENT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURTSUPREME COURT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">………………………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span> …………….…………………………...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">M.K. IBRAHIM<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>
J.B. OJWANG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">JUSTICE OF THE
SUPREME COURT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME
COURT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">...................................................<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>............................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>S.C. WANJALA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>N.S.
NDUNGU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">JUSTICE OF THE
SUPREME COURT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>JUSTICE OF THE
SUPREME COURT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">I certify that this is a
true <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Copy
of the original<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>REGISTRAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><u>SUPREME
COURT OF KENYA</u></span></b>JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-65941485745713997392013-04-24T10:03:00.001+03:002013-04-24T10:03:26.126+03:00IN THE SUPREME COURT OF KENYA AT NAIROBI<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">REPUBLIC OF KENYA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF KENYA AT NAIROBI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">(Coram:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>W.M. Mutunga, Chief Justice and President of
the Supreme Court; P.K. Tunoi; M.K. Ibrahim; J.B. Ojwang; S.C. Wanjala;N.S.
Ndungu, SCJJ.)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">PETITION NO. 5 OF 2013<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">-BETWEEN-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">RAILAODINGA
….……………………….…………………..………..PETITIONER<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-AND-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 69.7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 262.5pt; margin-top: -.2pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; v-text-anchor: top; visibility: visible; width: 7.15pt; z-index: 251658240;" type="#_x0000_t88"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>THE INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">AND BOUNDARIES COMMISSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2. AHMED ISSACK HASSAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>….……...….RESPONDENTS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UHURU KENYATTA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WILLIAM SAMOEI RUTO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">AS
CONSOLIDATED WITH PETITION NO. 3 OF 2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-BETWEEN-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1.
MOSES KIARIE KURIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2.DENIS
NJUE ITUMBI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>……………....…..PETITIONERS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">3.
FLORENCE JEMATIAH SERGON<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-AND-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1.
AHMED ISSACK HASSAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>…….…….…….RESPONDENTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>THE INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>AND BOUNDARIES COMMISSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 3.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">AND AS CONSOLIDATED WITH
PETITION NO. 4 OF 2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-BETWEEN-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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" o:spid="_x0000_s1029" style="height: 40.9pt; left: 0; margin-left: 245.5pt; margin-top: 1.55pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; v-text-anchor: top; visibility: visible; width: 3.6pt; z-index: 251663360;" type="#_x0000_t88"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GLADWELL WATHONI OTIENO<o:p></o:p></span></b></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2.
ZAHID RAJAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>..……………………..PETITIONERS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">-AND-<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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" o:spid="_x0000_s1030" style="height: 54pt; left: 0; margin-left: 244.8pt; margin-top: 6.2pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; v-text-anchor: top; visibility: visible; width: 5.05pt; z-index: 251664384;" type="#_x0000_t88"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1.
AHMED ISSACK HASSAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>THE INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">AND
BOUNDARIES COMMISSION<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>…….……….….RESPONDENTS
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">3.
UHURU KENYATTA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">4.
WILLIAM SAMOEI RUTO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u style="text-underline: double;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">JUDGMENT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 4<sup>TH</sup>
MARCH, 2013:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[1]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the 4<sup>th</sup>
of March, 2013, Kenya held its first General Election since the promulgation of
the new Constitution on 27<sup>th</sup> August 2010. The Constitution was a
culmination of the efforts of the Kenyan people to bring about a more
progressive governance set-up. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kenyans
affirmed the new Constitution as </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">the
supreme law of the Republic, which binds all persons and all State organs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[2]All
powers to be exercised in public functions, therefore, must flow from the Constitution.
Indeed, judicial authority, under Article 159 (1)of the Constitution, is
derived from the people and vests in, and shall be exercised by the courts and
tribunals established under this Constitution. Additionally, national values
and principles of governance, as set out in Article 10 of the Constitution,
underpin the conduct of governance in every respect. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[3] The
Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) was created by Article
88 of the Constitution, for the management of the country’s electoral
processes.It is conferred with the responsibility for conductingfree, fairand
transparent elections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March, 2013 were the first in Kenya to
attempt to use electronic facilitation. The IEBC, at various stages of the
election, deployed the following technologies: (i) Biometric Voter
Registration (BVR) during voter registration; (ii) Electronic Voter
Identification (EVID) on polling day; and (iii) Results Transmission System
(RTS) during tallying. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[5] On 19<sup>th</sup> November, 2012, the IEBC began a
voter registration exercise, which culminated in approximately 14 million
voters being registered.On 4<sup>th</sup> March, 2013 voters went to the polls
in significant numbers. A record 86% of registered voters were reported to have
participated in the General Elections. After the polls officially closed on that
day, the IEBC began the process of vote tallying, and the results were then
broadcast to the public.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">DECLARATION OF RESULTS, AND THE ENSUING
PETITIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[6]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On 9<sup>th</sup>
March, 2013, five days after the General Elections were held, the Chairman of
the IEBC, Mr. Issack Hassan (second Respondent), announced that Mr. Uhuru
Kenyatta had received 6,173,433 votes out of a total of 12,338,667 (50.07% of
all the votes cast), while Mr. Raila Odinga (the petitioner) had received
5,340,546 votes (43.31% of the votes cast). Pursuant to Article 138(4) of the
Constitution, Mr. Hassan declared Mr. Uhuru Kenyatta, the President-elect.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[7]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Subsequent to
the announcement, three petitions challenging the results of the Presidential
elections were filed at the Supreme Court.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petition
No. 3 of 2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[8]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On 14<sup>th</sup>
March 2013, Petitioners Moses Kiarie Kuria, Denis Njue Itumbi and Flowrence
Jematiah Sergon filed a petition against the IEBC as the 1<sup>st</sup>respondent,
and Mr. Isaack Hassan. The basis of the petition was that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the respondents’ decisionto include rejected votes in the final tally
had a prejudicial effect on the percentage votes won by Mr. Kenyatta.</i>The petitioners
asserted that the secondrespondent’s actions were in contravention of Articles
36(b) and 138(c) of the Constitution, and Rule 77(1) of the Elections (General)
Regulations, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petition
No. 4 of 2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[9]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second
Petition was filed by Gladwell Wathoni Otieno and Zahid Rajan on 16<sup>th</sup>
March, 2013, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">against the IEBC as the
1<sup>st</sup> respondent, Mr. Issack Hassan as the 2<sup>nd</sup> respondent,
Mr. Uhuru Kenyatta as the 3<sup>rd</sup> respondent and Mr. William Ruto as the
4<sup>th</sup> respondent. The P</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">etitionersaver that the
election was not conducted substantially in accordance with the Constitution, or
the Elections Act and the governing Regulations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[10]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In particular, the
Petitioners aver that the IEBC failed to establish and maintain an accurate
Voter Register that was publicly available, verifiable and credible as required
by Articles 38(3), 81(d), 83(2),86 and 88(4) of the Constitution, sections 3,
4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the Elections Act, 2011 and the Elections (Registration of
Voters) Regulations, 2012. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 301.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[11]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Petitioners,in addition,claim that the true number of registered
voters is unknown and, therefore, the IEBC did not have an accurate voters’
register.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They assert that the 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup>respondents repeatedly changed the official number of
registered voters. The Petitioners further assert that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the absence of a credible Principal Voter Register vitiates the
validity of the Presidential elections.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[12] The Petitioners further assert that the electoral
management system adopted by the IEBC was complex and had many shortfalls,
contrary to the constitutional requirement that it be a simple, accurate,
verifiable, secure, accountable and transparent system. In particular, the Petitioners
aver that the IEBC failed to meet the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mandatory
legal requirement to electronically transmit election results.</i>The Petitioners
aver that the failure of the electronic system put in place by the IEBC and
their failure to electronically transmit election results affected the validity
of the Presidential elections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[13] The Petitioners aver that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
respondents did not discharge their obligation under the Constitution, because
the tallying and verification of the results did not happen at the polling
stations; there was no electronic transmission of provisional results; and
party agents were excluded from the National Tallying Centre.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[14]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioners
further aver that the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">violated the Constitution and the Public Procurement and Disposal Act
(Cap. 412C, Laws of Kenya),</i> by awarding the tender to an unqualified bidder
who then supplied devices that did not work properly, or simply failed, on
election day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petition
No. 5 of 2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[15]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The third
Petition was filed by Mr. Raila Odinga on 16<sup>th</sup> March, 2013</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> against the IEBC as the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent,
Mr. Isaack Hassan as the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent, Mr. Uhuru Kenyatta as the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent and Mr. William Ruto as the 4<sup>th</sup> Respondent. </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ThePetitioner
avers that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">electoral process was so
fundamentally flawed that it precluded the possibility of discerning whether
the presidential results declared were lawful.</i>The Petitioner seeks relief
from this Court pursuant to Articles 2, 6, 10, 38, 73, 82, 86, 259, 260 of the
Constitution; the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission Act, 2011
(Act No. 9 of 2011); Regulations 59(1), 79 and 82 of the Elections (General)
Regulations 2012; the Elections Act, 2011 (Act No. 24 of 2011) and Sections 4
and 25 of the IEBC Act, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[16]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioner
avers that the first and second Respondents did not carry out a valid voter
registration, in contravention of Article 83 of the Constitution, and Section
3(2) of the Elections Act, 2011 because their official tally of registered
voters changed several times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
resulted in the final total number of registered voters differing materially
from what was in the Principal Register.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[17]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioner also
avers that the first respondent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">failed to
carry out a transparent, verifiable, accurate and accountable election as required
by Articles 81, 83 and 88 of the Constitution. </i>The Petitioner asserts that
there were several anomalies that occurred in the process of manual tallying,
such as: the votes cast in several polling stations exceeding the number of
registered voters; differences between results posted and the results released
by the first Respondent; the use of unsigned Form 36 to declare the results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[18] The Petitioner further avers that the electronic
systems acquired and adopted by the first Respondent to facilitate the General
Election were poorly designed and implemented, and destined to fail. Due to the
failure of the system, the first Respondent was unable to transmit the results
of the elections, in contravention of Regulation 82 of the Elections (General)
Regulations, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Consolidation
of Petitions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">[19] On 25<sup>th</sup> March 2013, by the directions
of the Supreme Court, the three <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Petitions were consolidated. The Court further ordered
that </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
file for Petition No. 5 be deemed to be the pilot file for the recording of all
proceedings and for rendering the final decision.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> The Court gave the following directions with respect
to parties in the consolidated petitions: t</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">he Petitioner in Petition No. 5
of 2013 to be referred to as the first Petitioner; the Petitioners in Petition
No. 4 of 2013 to be jointly referred to as the second Petitioner; the
Petitioner in Petition No. 3 of 2013 to be jointly referred to as the third Petitioner;
the respondents to remain as in Petition No.5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">AGREED
ISSUES FOR TRIAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[20<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">] Prior to the
pre-trial conference, the Court drafted a summary of the issues and served this
upon the parties for scrutiny and consideration. This was the basis of
agreement on issues for trial, which may be summarized as follows:<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Whether
the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> Respondents were validly elected and
declared as President-elect and Deputy President-elect respectively, in the
Presidential elections held on the 4<sup>th</sup> of March, 2013. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[This
is the crux of the case].<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Whether
the Presidential election held on March 4<sup>th</sup>, 2013 was conducted in a
free, fair, transparent and credible manner in compliance with the provisions
of the Constitution and all relevant provisions of the law.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Whether the rejected votes ought to have
been included in determining the final tally of votes in favour of each of the
Presidential-election candidates by the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">What
consequential declarations, orders and reliefs this Court should grant based on
the determination of the Petition.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 19.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -19.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION VOTE-TALLY: IS
“REJECTED VOTES” RELEVANT IN COMPUTING PERCENTAGES?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 19.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Background<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[21]
Petition No. 3 seeks to challenge the decision by the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent
to include “rejected votes” in the tallying process when calculating the
percentage of votes in favour of each candidate. The Petitioner alleges that
this decision was unlawful and had the prejudicial effect of reducing the
percentage of votes won by Hon. Uhuru Kenyatta. The Respondents, on their part,
aver that the Constitution does not expressly provide that rejected votes
should not be counted in the computation of the threshold percentage for a win.
Having sought and received divergent legal opinions on the issue, the Respondents
now urge the Court to settle the issue, as it is likely to arise in future
elections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[22]
The specific questions to be answered in this claim are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Whether in determining that a candidate has met the
threshold stipulated in Article 138 (4) (a) of the Constitution, the term “all
the votes cast” includes (i) only valid votes, or (ii) both valid and rejected
votes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Should a ballot paper that has been rejected under the
provisions of Regulation 77 of the Elections (General) Regulations, 2011, and
has been categorized as being “void”, be capable of being factored in, during
the tallying process?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Petitioners’
Case</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[23] The
Petitioners state that “rejected votes” were erroneously factored into the
tallying system by the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent, and that this has had the
prejudicial effect of reducing the percentage of votes won by Uhuru Kenyatta,
and keeping his tally only slightly above the threshold for a win. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[24] The
Petitioners state that, at the commencement of transmission of Presidential election
results, the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent excluded rejected votes from the
computation of the percentage of the votes cast. They state that the common
understanding at this stage was that the votes cast as envisaged by Article 138
of the Constitution included only ballots that constituted valid votes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[25] They
further assert that in calculating the percentage attributable to each
candidate, the Respondents erroneously and unlawfully used a format that
included rejected votes as a basis for determining whether a candidate had met
the threshold stipulated in Article 138(4) (a) of the Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[26] They
aver that Rule 77 (1) of the Election (General) Regulations, 2012 states that,
rejected ballot papers shall be void and shall not be counted. Consequently,
the results announced at each polling station as contemplated by Articles 86
(b) and 138 (3) of the Constitution, cannot include rejected votes among the
results announced in favour of any candidate.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> The Petitioners contend
that Rule 77 (1) of the Election (General) Regulations, 2012 states that,
rejected ballot papers shall be void and shall not be counted. Consequently the
results announced at each polling station as contemplated by Articles 86 (b)
and 138 (3) of the Constitution, cannot include rejected votes among the
results announced in favour of any candidate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[27] In the submissions, Mr. Regeru, counsel for the Petitioners,</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lohit Hindi"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"> based
his arguments on several points, which he urged the Court to use as tools of
analysis, in reaching a conclusion in the matter: one being the law as stated
in the Constitution, Article 259; and Section 109(1)(p) of the Elections Act
2012;another being arguments based on common sense and logic; and another still,
the legal opinions filed as evidence; yet another, being the practice of the 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents; and another still, comparative practice in
other jurisdictions. They urge that improperly-marked ballots should be
rejected and not factored into the counting and tallying of votes. They rely on
the case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Popular Democratic Movement v. Electoral Commission, Constitutional
Case No. 16 of 2011</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,</i> where the
Seychelles Constitutional Court (Burhan, J.), being faced with the question
whether a rejected vote could be considered a “cast vote”, held that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lohit Hindi"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">“Rejected
ballot papers are not to be counted as ‘votes’, therefore the term ‘votes cast’
cannot and will not include ‘rejected’ ballot papers”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lohit Hindi"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Responses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lohit Hindi"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[28] Mr.
Ngatia, learned counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent, in oral submissions,
founded his client’s case on certain facts:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>t</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ransmission
of results started on the evening of 4<sup>th</sup> March 2013; electronic
results were transmitted without factoring in the rejected votes, and a stage was
reached when the rejected votes on the electronic board had accumulated to the
figure of 300,000; so in a real sense, they became “candidate number 3,” after
the 1<sup>st</sup> candidate and the 2<sup>nd</sup> candidate; members of a
rival political party then wrote a letter to the Respondent, requesting that
rejected votes be factored in the computation of percentages; to factor in the
rejected votes would mean that a candidate who had a 53% lead <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">could </i>come down to 49%; and such a
situation would then occasion a run-off election between the two leading
Presidential election candidates. Mr. Ngatia submitted that, towards the
evening of 5<sup>th</sup> of March, the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent announced
that, thenceforth, the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent would depart from its previous
position and now factor in the rejected votes. He submitted that this announcement
was made without giving any other Presidential election candidates an
opportunity to be heard; and that all the legal opinions given, vindicated his
complaints.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[29] Mr. Ngatia urged that the Constitution, in Article 138,
makes reference to “votes that are cast”. But from the Elections Act, confusion
is apparent; as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vote</i> is equated to
a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ballot paper.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[30] Mr. Ngatia submitted that a ballot paper is nothing
more than an instrument to convey the choice of a voter; and a vote is the
definable and ascertainable ballot paper; once the ballot has been translated into
a valid choice, it becomes a vote.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
submitted that there cannot be a vote which is invalid, what is invalid is a
ballot paper; and, as a vote is a defined choice, a ballot which does not
translate into a vote is nothing more than a ballot which is rejected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[31] Mr. Ngatia submitted that rejected votes should never
be the basis for triggering a run-off election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[32] Mr. Kigen, learned counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent, also urged that the prospect of a ballot paper acquiring the character
of a vote is conditional on it clearly showing the choice and preference of the
voter. As long as the document deposited in the ballot box does not clearly
show what the intention of the voter is, then it should not be included as a
vote and should not be allowed as part of the tallying, in ascertaining winning
margins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[33] Counsel contends that the inclusion of rejected votes <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">can only</i> work against a candidate with
more votes, and not to the disadvantage of the runner-up. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[34]
Mr. Oraro, learned counsel for the Petitioner in Petition No. 5, submitted that
Article 138(4) of the Constitution means what it says: there is no
qualification to the phrase “votes cast”; thus all votes cast must be included
whether valid or rejected, in the computation of the percentage threshold for a
win. He argued that if the drafters intended that only a certain category of
votes would be considered for purposes of determining whether the winning
percentage threshold had been met, nothing would have been easier than to stipulate
so.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[35] He remarks a signal
by this Court that, it is not tenable to ascribe meanings to constitutional
provisions through the sheer craft of interpretation, or by way of Endeavour’s
to discern the intentions of Parliament, where the wording of legislation is
clear and entails<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>no ambiguity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[36] Mr. Oraro submitted
that the distinction given by Mr. Ngatia on ‘vote’ and ‘ballot paper,’ is a distinction
without a difference: as what is defined in the Elections Act is a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ballot paper</i>; ballot paper means paper used
to record the choice made by voters and shall include an electronic version of
a ballot paper, or its equivalent for the purposes of electronic voting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[37] Counsel further submitted
that the argument by the Petitioners for excluding rejected votes is based upon
a Regulation; and so the position urged was that the Constitution should be
made to fit the terms of subsidiary legislation:a proposition to be rejected,
as regulations cannot be used to interpret a provision of the Constitution which
is the supreme law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[38] Mr. Oraro submitted that
Regulation 77 of the Elections (General) Regulations, 2012 does not require the
exclusion of rejected votes in the final tally, for the purpose of determining
whether a Presidential election candidate has attained the threshold percentage
required by Article 138 of the Constitution. For Regulation 77 (e) prescribes
when a ballot paper is to be rejected, and is not to be attributable to any of
the candidates, nor feature in the aggregate tally for the candidate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[39] Mr. Oraro submitted
that whether a ballot paper has been rejected and void, for purposes of being
attributed to any one particular candidate, does not and cannot change the fact
that it was a “vote cast”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[40]
Learned counsel, Mr. Ndubi for the 2<sup>nd</sup> petitioner, agreed with the 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner’s position, and urged that the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 had the clear
intention to repeal and replace the Constitution of Kenya, 1969 which has been in
force. The former Constitution had provided that “the candidate for
President….and who </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">receives a greater number of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">valid votes</b> in the presidential
election than any other candidate…” So, to determine the winner in Presidential
elections, the reference was to “valid votes”; and this is now replaced with
“votes cast” – an expression so broad as to include “rejected votes”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[41] For
the Respondents, counsel submitted that the decision to include “rejected votes”
in the elections was made in good faith, based on a literal interpretation of Article
138 (4), as read together with Articles 86 (b) and 38 (b) of the Constitution:
and these Articles do not provide that rejected votes should not be counted, or
considered in the computation of Presidential election vote-percentages,
envisaged under Article 138 (4) of the Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 19.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-indent: -19.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">THE VOTERS’ REGISTER: DID
IT AFFECT THE VALIDITY OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 19.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The Petitioners’ Case <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[42] Lead counsel, Mr. George Oraro, made submissions on the
role of technology in relation to voter registration. He submitted that the first
Respondent had adopted the “BVR” (Biometric Voter Registration), a computer-based
registration solution. This involves biometric technology, which uses computer
finger-print scanners and digital cameras to capture the bio-data of an
applicant; such personal details of finger-prints and face photo technology are
used to verify the authenticity of the voter, and to ensure greater transparency
and credibility in the elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[43] The Petitioner submitted that the first Respondent had represented
to the public that the BVR system would ensure quick and precise voter
identification, and this would guarantee credible election and prevent fraud. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[44] Counsel focused his submissions on anomalies and
discrepancies in the number of registered voters occasioned by the use of a
plurality of voter registers. He submitted that, as of the 18<sup>th</sup>
December 2012, the total number of registered voters on the provisional Voter Register
was 14,333,339. The provisional register was then opened to the public for
inspection. This register was completed and confirmed by IEBC by Gazette Notice;
and it stood as the Principal Voter Register with a total of 14,352,545
registered voters. However, this number was inconsistent with the figure of 14,352,533
registered voters, by the first Respondent’s declaration of Presidential election
results on 9<sup>th</sup> March 2013. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[45] Mr. Oraro submitted that the IEBC tried to explain the
discrepancy in numbers by stating that the 14,352,533 were registered voters on
the Principal Register, but had not included 12 special cases from Soy
Constituency in Uasin Gishu County, as well as 31,318 persons registered in the
non-biometric special register. However, Mr. Oraro stated that this explanation
was not valid, as it entailed mathematical inconsistencies: 14,352,533 +12+31,318=14,383,863
– an inconsistency that was further compounded by the figure of 36,236 which
the third Respondent’s witness said was in the special register. Counsel
submitted that the said special register was never made public. Mr. Oraro submitted
that the lack of information from IEBC was contrary to Article 10(2) (c) of the
Constitution which provides that transparency is one of the national values and
principles of governance. Counsel urged that IEBC’s failure to publish the
information was also contrary to Section 27 (1) of the Independent Electoral and
Boundaries Commission Act, 2011(No. 9 of 2011) which provides that – <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">“The Commission shall publish and
publicize all important information within its mandate affecting the nation.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[46]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learned counsel,
Ms. Kethi Kilonzo, for the 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioner,entered upon her submission
by referring to the difference between the right to a free and fair election,
in the terms of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Article 38 (2) of the
Constitution, and the right to be registered as a voter and to vote, provided
for in Article 38 (3). She submitted that the right to vote is not an absolute
right but a conditional right, and that one condition attached to this right is
the requirement for the voter to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">registered</i>,
before exercising the right to vote. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[47] Counsel submitted that there can be no free and fair
elections if there is no credible register. She derived the definition of a
register from Section 2 of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elections
Act, 2011(No. 24 of 2011)</b>. By this provision, constituency register means:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“the
register of voters compiled in respect of each constituency by the Commission.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Section 2 of the same Act defines the principal register of
voters as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“a
current register of persons entitled to vote at an election prepared in accordance
with section 3 and includes a register that is compiled electronically.”<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[48]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Counsel
submitted that Section 3 of the Act provides that every citizen will be allowed
to exercise their right to vote, subject to Article 138 (3) of the
Constitution, if they are registered in the Principal Register of Voters. Based
on this provision, learned counsel submitted that there is only one register,
the Principal Register of Voters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
further submitted that Section 4 of the Act provides that there shall be a
register to be known as the Principal Register of Voters, which shall comprise
a polling station register, a ward register, a constituency register, a county Register
and the register of voters residing outside Kenya. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Outside this Register, counsel urged, the law does
not provide for any other register. She submitted that there was no provision
in the law for a special non-biometric register. Learned counsel submitted thatthe
use of the special register was a violation of the Constitution and the law.
She also stated that the validity of the Presidential election, and the right
to equality and to vote, was infringed by the use of this special register.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[49]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further, learned
counsel stated that there could be no additions to the Provisional Register as publicized
by the IEBC on the 18<sup>th</sup> December 2012. This is because Section 5 of
the Elections Act provides that there can be no registration of voters within 60
days of the first General Election. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[50]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Section 6 of the
Act provides that after fourteen days from the date of inspection of the
register of voters, IEBC is to compile, complete and publish a notice in the
Gazette, if an amendment of the register of voters is effected. Counsel
submitted that the special register of voters with biometrics should have been prepared
before the gazettement <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>process, and
published thereafter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[51]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the Indian
case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lakshmi Charansen and Others v A.K.M Hassan Uzzaman and Others,</i></b>1985
SCC (4) 689 SCALE 384, the Supreme Court considered the question of alterations
to electoral rolls.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The facts of the
case were based on a writ petition filed before the High Court in Calcutta
which alleged that the electoral rolls in the state of West Bengal had not been
properly revised for the purposes of the general elections. The Supreme Court
held that the erroneous inclusion or omission of the names of a few persons may
have serious consequences. But if <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a
considerable number of names</i> of such persons are either wrongly included
in, or excluded from the electoral roll, it will be of great consequence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Court also held that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“It
is true as submitted on behalf of the Election Commission, a perfect electoral
roll is not possible. But at the same time, it must be remembered that the name
of any eligible voter should not be omitted from, nor the name of any
disqualified person included in the electoral roll, in violation of any
constitutional or statutory provisions. The error, when pointed out, has to be
removed.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[52) Learned counsel, Mr. Oraro took up the issue of a
registration book known as the “Green Book,” used by IEBC; he urged that such a
book was not provided for in law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
submitted that there had been a number of anomalies in voter registration, as
in the case of Makueni Constituency, with different figures for registered
voters for different elective posts: the total number of registered voters in
the Principal Register of Voters is 64,708; for the Presidential seat is
64,708(as reported by IEBC during declaration of results); for the same
position, by <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Form 36, the figure is 64,525;
for the Governor seat, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">64,877; for Senator seat, 64,879 and for the National Assembly
seat, 64,976.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[53]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Counsel urged
that the election of the President in Makueni Constituency did not meet the
test of verifiability, accuracy, or credibility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[54] Miss Kilonzo urged thatin polling station No.083 in
Kieni Constituency, the total number of votes cast was 321,with 310 for the President-elect.Yet
the Principal Register published on the website of IEBC on the 24<sup>th</sup>
February 2013, showed only one registered voter in that polling station. The
presiding officer did not indicate thenumber of people who were registered to
vote in that polling station; and so a question remained as to whether these
results were valid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[55]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel relied
on case law to support her submissions. In the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indian
case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NP Ponnuswami v Returning Officer Nammakal Constituency</i></b> (1952)
SCR 218, the Baharul Islam J held in a dissenting judgment [at 529 C] that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“the
basis of a free and fair election is the voters list prepared in accordance
with the Representation of People Act of 1950 and the Registration of Voters
Rules of 1960. If this is not so done, the electoral rolls will have no
sanctity and consequently election will also not inspire the confidence of the
people.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[56]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Learned
Counsel, Mr. Oraro also invoked the Indian Supreme Court case <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Narendra
Madivalapa Kheni v. Manikarao Patil and Others</i></b>, Supreme Court of India
Civil Appeal No. 1114 of 1976, where the Court had to deal with alterations
made to the electors’ roll after the roll became final. The Court found and
held that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“there
is a blanket ban in Section 23 (3) on any amendment, transposition or deletion
of any [name]or the issuance of any direction for the inclusion of a name in
the electoral roll of a constituency [after] the last date for making
nominations for an election in that constituency. This prohibition is based on
public policy and serves a public purpose. Any violations of such mandatory
provision conceived to pre-empt scrambles to thrust into the rolls, after the
appointed time, fancied voters by anxious candidates or parties spells
invalidity and is in flagrant violation of section 23(3); names have been
included in the electoral roll, the bonus of such illegitimate votes shall not
accrue, since the vice of voidance must attach to such names. Such void votes
cannot help a candidate win the contest.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Responses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[57]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first and
second Respondents filed a joint replying affidavit sworn by Ahmed Isaack
Hassan on 19<sup>th</sup> March 2013. At paragraph 7 of the affidavit, the
first and second Respondents stated that the first Respondent, in exercise of
its mandate under Articles 86 and 88(4) of the Constitution, and Section 4(m)
of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries CommissionAct, had deployed
appropriate technology in the performance of its functions. One of the areas
where technology was employed was the registration of voters by use of the
Biometric Voter Register (BVR). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[58]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At paragraph 12
of this affidavit, it is deponed that the Biometric Voter Registration
technology was not meant to replace the legally required manual system of voter
registration, but was meant to provide an additional layer of efficiency and
integrity in the electoral processes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[59]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel for
IEBC submitted that this organization, with the concurrence of all
line-stakeholders, had opted to use the Biometric Voter Registration technology
in carrying out the voter registration exercise. It is submitted that in the
process of voter registration, the Commission, in accordance with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 83 of the Constitution,</b> put in
place appropriate mechanisms to ensure that all persons who presented
themselves for registration, were registered as voters. The first Respondent
referred to Article 83 (3) of the Constitution as the basis for having <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an all-inclusive voterregister.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[60]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Article 83 (3)
of the Constitution thus provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Administrative arrangements for the
registration of voters and the conduct of elections shall be designed to
facilitate, and shall not deny, an eligible citizen the right to vote or stand
for election.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[61]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Upon
completion of the voter registration exercise, the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Commission developed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the
Principal Register of Voters</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,</b>
which was used in the March 2013 General Elections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first Respondent’s case sought to rebut
three points raised by the Petitioners. The first Respondent responded to the assertion
that the voter registration exercise failed the people of Kenya, because the
registration process did not uphold the constitutional and statutory
requirements, and fell short of the standards set by international best
practice, by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">compromising the integrity
of the voter registration exercise. </i>The first Respondent sought to rebut the
presumption of the Petitioners, that Biometric Voter Registration was meant to
replace the manual registration process. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[62]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What constituted the Principal Register of
Voters? </i>In its submissions, the first Respondent referred the Court to the
definition of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Principal Register of
Voters</i> as provided under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Section 2
of the Elections Act 2011(No 24 of 2011).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b>It is defined as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“a
current register of persons entitled to vote at an election prepared in
accordance with section 3 and this includes a register that is compiled
electronically”. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[63]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was the
first Respondent’s submission that a register compiled electronically is just a
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">component</i> of the Principal Register
of Voters. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[64] This submission was further elaborated by learned counsel
for the first Respondent, Mr. Nyamodi who outlined the three components of the
Principal Register of Voters,as set out below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(a)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Biometric Voter Register<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[65]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Nyamodi
referred to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">affidavit of Dismus
Ong’ondi</i> sworn on 19<sup>th</sup> March 2013, as part of the evidence
submitted in the first and second Respondents’ affidavit to Petition Number <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5 of 2013, to define the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biometric Voter Registration System</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>The deponent described himself as the
Director, Information and Technology of the first Respondent. He described the
BVR as a system that was used to register a voter’s ten fingers and capture the
face image. The biometrics are captured using this device of registration,
comprising a software, a laptop computer, a digital camera and a device to
capture fingerprints. The voter’s details as required to be captured in law,
were taken, and a record of the voter with biometrics was created. The
information captured was used in the compilation of the Principal Register of
Voters. This explanation was reiterated in the first and second Respondents’
written submissions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Special Register<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[66]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Learned counsel
Mr. Nyaoga, for the first Respondent, urged that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 54 of the Constitution</b> articulates the rights of persons
with disabilities. It was in respect of this provision, that the special
register, besides the biometric register, was developed. Mr. Nyaoga emphasised
that persons with disabilities are also protected under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 83 (3) of the Constitution</b>, which prescribes the components
of the register of voters. He submitted that such persons are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>also protected under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 81</b>, which bears the general principles of the electoral
system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[67]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Nyamodi
invoked <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 38(3) of the
Constitution</b>, as an important safeguard for the right to vote. This Article
stipulates:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1)....<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(2)….<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(3)
Every adult citizen has the right, without <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>unreasonable
restrictions …….<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>a) to be
registered as a voter;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>b) to
vote by secret ballot in any election or <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>referendum;
and<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c)
to be a candidate for public office, or office <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>withina
political party of which the citizen is a member and if elected, to hold
office.” <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[68]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Nyamodi
urged that the first Respondent, by dint of Article 88 of the Constitution,
enjoys the unfettered mandate to organise the conduct of elections and
referenda in Kenya and, specifically, to conduct the registration of voters;
the first Respondent has a free hand in the registration of voters, as provided
by Article 88 which states:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1) There is established the Independent
Electoral and Boundaries Commission.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(2) A person is not eligible for
appointment as <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a member of the
Commission if the person—<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(a) has, at any time within the preceding
five years, held office, or stood for election as—<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(i)
a member of Parliament or of a county assembly; or<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(ii)
a member of the governing body of a political party; or<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(b) holds any State office.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(3) A member of the Commission shall not
hold another public office.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(4)
The Commission is responsible for conducting or supervising referenda and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>elections to any elective body or office
established by this Constitution, and any other elections as prescribed by an
Act of Parliament and, in particular, for—<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(a)
the continuous registration of citizens as voters;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(b)
the regular revision of the voters’ roll;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(c)
the delimitation of constituencies and wards;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(d) the regulation of the
process by whichparties nominate candidates for elections;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(e) the settlement of electoral disputes, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>including disputes relating to or arising from
nominations but excluding election petitions and disputes subsequent to the
declaration of election results;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(f)
the registration of candidates for election; <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(g)
voter education;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(h) the facilitation of the observation,
monitoring and evaluation of elections;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(i) the regulation of the amount of money
that may be spent by or on behalf of a candidate or party in respect of any
election;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(j) the development of a code of conduct
for candidates and parties contesting elections; and<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(k) the monitoring of compliance with
thelegislation required by Article 82 (1) (b) relating to nomination of
candidates by parties.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“(5)
The Commission shall exercise its powers and perform its functions in
accordance with this Constitution and national legislation”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[69]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first
Respondent in its submissions, urged that voter registration is a critical tool
for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">enforcing universal suffrage</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,</b> by ensuring that every individual who
is eligible to vote is able to exercise his or her right to vote. It also
serves the principle of equal suffrage as it guarantees that every voter will
cast his or her ballot in parity with all other voters. Accordingly, the
special register was a tool aimed at ensuring that there was no
disenfranchisement of citizens who had the right to vote. It was the first
Respondent’s submission that the special register was also anchored on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 27 of the Constitution,</b> which
provides that every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal
protection and equal benefit of the law. It was, therefore, imperative to
ensure that the registration process was inclusive, and provided for measures
to include all persons. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[70]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was on the
basis of such constitutional guidelines, that the first Respondent developed
the special register. To this end, the first Respondent invoked the case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Georgian
Labour Party v. Georgia 9103/04 (2008) ECHR 1888. </i></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Court, in this matter, stated thus:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 54.4pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“The
Court considers that the proper management of electoral rolls is a
pre-condition for a free and fair ballot. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 54.4pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permitting
all eligible voters to be registered preserves, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inter alia,</b> the principles of universality and the equality of the
vote, and maintains general confidence in the State administration of electoral
processes” <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[71]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The special register was meant, according to
the firstRespondent, to serve a certain category of “special” persons:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>voters with disability: those whose fore-limbs
or <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>parts
of their fore-limbs were unavailable for the <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>purposes
of capturing their biometrics;<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>those who,
due to the nature of their work, had <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>either
their fingerprints scarred or those whose <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>fingerprints
had lost impression and could not be <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>captured.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the elderly, whose fingerprints, due to the
decrease in elasticity of their skin, could not be captured;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>twelve persons from Soi Constituency who
had been registered using the training codes and who had to be added to this
register. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[72]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr.
Nyamodi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>submitted that, over and above
the biometric and special registers, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">primary
data entry point,</i> which was done by hand, was the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Green Book</i>, otherwise known as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Primary Reference Book</i>. He elaborated that upon the completion of
the voter registration exercise, there emerged a need to clean up the register
to eliminate persons who had registered more than once, and persons who had not
used the requisite documents for registration, namely, a valid passport, or a
personal identity card. This clean-up exercise <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">created the duplicate register and the exceptional register</i>. The
persons in these two registers were not allowed to vote. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[73]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel
referred the Court to the affidavit of Immaculate Kassait, who elaborated the
process of voter registration. The deponent swore the affidavit as the Director,
Voter Registration Programme of the First Respondent.The deponent makes the
following averments:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Commission used a limited number of BVR kits <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>which necessitated the sharing of
these devices between <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>polling
stations within the same county.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It was a
requirement that any person registering as a <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>voter should state their preferred
polling station. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>c)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the
course of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>registration, some voters were
<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>inadvertently assigned the wrong
polling stations.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
correct these errors, the Principal Register of Voters was opened for
inspection and verification to the Public,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pursuant to the provisions of Section 5 of
the Elections Act. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Commission then ordered a complete audit
of the Principal Register, as against the Green Book which was the primary
entry of data. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The persons assigned the wrong polling
stations were then assigned the correct ones, as indicated in the Green Book,
and these transfers factored into the Principal Register of Voters. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-right: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This verification exercise naturally resulted
in a variation between the number of registered voters in the provisional
register and the Principal Register. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On 18<sup>th</sup> February 2013, the
Commission held a meeting inwhich it realised that the provisional register was
only about 99.5% accurate, as it did not contain several names that had been
captured in the Green Book, which was the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>primary
reference document; for in some instances, the BVR kits had either been damaged
or dis-configured and could not relay the data captured in them. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-right: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
Commission, in a bid to ensure that all the persons who had presented
themselves for registration were not disenfranchised owing to the failure of
the BVR kits, resolved to allow the persons in these special circumstances to
vote, upon verification of their data. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-right: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Commission certified the Principal
Register, subject to this resolution. Minutes of the Commission’s meeting with
respect to this meeting were provided. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-right: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
resolution was communicated to the political party <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>agents by the Commission Liaison Committee.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The use of the Green Book in the affected polling stations <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>resulted in an upward variation in the
registered voters at the affected polling stations. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[74]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first
Respondent in its submissions, stated that the figure of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">14,337,399 </b>registered voters was a provisional figurewhich did not
include the persons without biometrics, duplicates, exceptionals; and data not
yet collected from BVR kits around the country. The special register contained a
list of 36,236 individuals. There was also a further correction of 30,000
voters who were excluded from the main register due to operator-errors to do
with double entry, and 13,237 of these were added to the main register. In Soi,
twelve people were excluded from the main register, as they had been added onto
the system through a test account, but were later transferred to the main
register. The total number of registered voters across the country was,
therefore, 14,352,545. In certain polling stations, such as NCCand Ngong, there
was voter movement occurring before the polling date, due to operator- error.
The total number of registered voters in this register was, therefore,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>14,352,284.The variance between the two
main operational registers is 261, a margin of error of 0.0018% which,
according to the first Respondent, can be considered materially insignificant. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[75]<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>Were alterations made to the Voter
Register after the certification of the Register?Mr. Nyamodi submitted that
alterations or additions may have been made after the 18<sup>th</sup> February
2013. He added however that these alterations were made pursuant to the
Commission’s mandate under Regulation 12 (3) of the Elections (Registration of
Voters) Regulations, 2012: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Regulation 12 (3) states that the Commission
may amend the Register of voters after it is certified to the extent necessary
to reflect the result of determination of any claim, orappeal that was pending
at the time the register was certified”. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 26.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[76]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>According to
the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent, this Regulation empowers the Commission to amend
the register even after the certification, in view of the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">100% audit, and the verification process which took place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[77]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Nyamodi
submitted that the Principal Voter Register existed, and was determinable and
verifiable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He submitted that the
decisions made by the first Respondent to come up with the Voter Register was
done so as to ensure that all the persons who had presented themselves to
register as voters before the deadline, got an opportunity to vote and exercise
their rights under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Articles 38 (2) </b>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> (3) of the Constitution. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[78]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The case of the
2<sup>nd</sup>Respondent was advanced by learned counsel Mr. Ahmednassir
Abdullahi and Mr. Kamau Karori, who took turns in making submissions. The 2<sup>nd</sup>respondent
urged this Court to exercise <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">judicial
restraint</i> in the discharge of its mandate, in the sphere of Presidential election
disputes. Mr. Abdullahi focused his attention on the broader issues of judicial
adjudication in the political and constitutional domains. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(These arguments are analysed further on).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[79]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent
asked the Court to note that there were six different elections held on the
same day, including that for the office of the President: and that the
requirements of registration applied equally to all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[80]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Ngatia,
learned counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent, submitted that it was a
principle guiding the preparation of the Voter Register, that the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent
should make every effort to ensure that all qualified citizens of Kenya are
able to register as voters, and able to vote during elections and referenda. He
specified the relevant provisions of the law: Articles 10(a), 10(b), 38(3)(a),
88(4)(a), 138(3)(a) of the Constitution, which also express the values and
principles of democracy and the participation of the people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[81]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent
maintained that the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission had
conducted its affairs <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in a
transparent manner, by issuing press statements, and availing on its website
notices and information regarding all aspects of the electoral process,
including the registration of voters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[82]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent
asserts that as far as he is aware, the Principal Register of Voters
established under Section 4 (1) of the Elections Act, was prepared in full
compliance with the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>provisions
of that Act, and the Elections (Registration of Voters) Regulations, 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[83]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Winifred Guchu,
in her affidavit in support of the 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent’s response, averred
that all stakeholders in the electoral process, including the Petitioner and
his party ODM, had participated in, and were fully informed by the first
Respondent about the voter registration exercise and the various steps taken to
assure the integrity, accuracy, impartiality, efficiency, simplicity and
security of voter registration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[84]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>She further
avers that on the basis of the aforesaid assurance, the Jubilee Coalition and
the CORD Coalition used the voter register prepared by the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent
to conduct nomination of candidates as stipulated in Part III of the Elections
Act, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[85]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of the
Petitioner’s claim that the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent had maintained multiple
registers, this Respondent averred that he used only one Voter Register, during
the elections held on 4<sup>th</sup> March 2013, which had copies extracted
from the Biometric Voter Registration system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[86]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent
averred that the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent had taken robust steps to involve
members of the public, and the Political Parties, in verifying the integrity
and accuracy of the Voter Register – including the publication of a notice
dated 18<sup>th</sup> February 2013 informing all stakeholders that the
compilation of the Principal Register of Voters had been completed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[87]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ms. Guchu
averred that the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent published a notice informing the
public that it would hold countrywide public sensitization on the use of the
BVR kits on 12<sup>th</sup> November, 2012 at several venues; and that it would
release the data extracted from the Voter Register. This data was set out in
various forms to provide voter numbers in allpolling stations, and to give statistics
of voters without biometrics per constituency, as well as a detailed voter
registration analysis, and details with regard to expected daily enrolment for
the period between 19<sup>th</sup> November 2012 and 26<sup>th</sup> November
2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[88]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ms. Guchu avers
that all political parties received a copy of the provisional register of
voters in the form of a CD-ROM, which <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>she
annexes to her affidavit, together with the e-mail communications by the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent
to political parties. And she deposes that in one of the meetings, all
political parties agreed that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in the
event of failure of the electronic voter identifying device (EVID), the
print-out from the electronic register would be used in the election.</i>The
print-out would be made available at every polling station. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[89]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ms. Guchu adds
that in yet another meeting, the political parties complained that some of
their supporters had encountered difficulties with the register during the
nomination exercise. Their complaints were that some names were missing from
the electronic register, while they had registration acknowledgement-slips from
the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent. The 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent explained that these
were names of people whose biometric details had not been captured, or were
captured but subsequently lost. Those details were retained in the manual
register. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[90]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent
subsequently provided all the political parties with a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">complementary list of registered voters</i> capturing the details of
all the voters whose biometrics were missing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>complementary list
of this category of voters had a total of 36,236 registered voters. There was
no objection from any political party concerning this complementary register.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[91]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ms. Guchu deposes that the allegation in
Janet Ong’era’s affidavit in support of Petition No. 5 0f 2013, to the effect
that the Voter Register was tampered with after the registration period had
ended, so as to confer a benefit upon the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent, is not
truthful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[92]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent,
in his affidavit, recounts the occasion of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>a press briefing at a meeting chaired by the Coalition for Reforms and
Democracy’s (CORD) Presidential candidate, in which that party urges that IEBC
should revert to a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">manual voter
registration process,</i> since the electronic system appeared to be
unreliable. The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent submits that the Petitioner cannot, in
the circumstances, claim the IEBC deliberately set up the electronic system to
fail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[93]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent
seeks to rely on the opinion of the Canadian High Commissioner which indicates
that the IEBC had considered preparing a manual voter registration system after
the procurement of the BVR system became contentious. He further submits that
the Cabinet, supervised by the Petitioner in Petition No. 5 of 2013, had set up
a committee to assist the IEBC to procure the BVR system within a short
time-frame. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[94]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He avers that
registration of voters in Kenya is manual, since a person walks to a registration
centre to register himself or herself, and such registration is not done
electronically.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[95] Counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent invoked the
Ugandan case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">V.K. Bategana v. E. L. Mushemeza</i>, </b>Election Petition No. 1
of1996 (HCU) (unreported), in which<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">non-compliance</i>
with certain provisions of the Parliamentary Election (Interim Provisions)
Statute, 1996 was held <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not to affect the
results of the election</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
non-compliance in that election included failure to display the Voters’
Register, and voting by persons not registered.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[96]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Katwa Kigen,
learned counsel for the 4<sup>th</sup>Respondent, submitted that a “register”
cannot be treated as a record cast instone; it should, instead, be perceived as
an instrument used by the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent to ascertain the number of
registered voters eligible to vote, and it need not be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one </b>register.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He submits
that Article 38 of the Constitution entitles every adult citizentobe registered
as a voter, and to vote.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[97]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Kigen
further submitted that, in accordance with Article 83 (3), of the Constitution,
administrative structures set up for purposes of the conduct of elections,
should not deny a person the right to vote.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He further urges that Article 138 (3)(a) stipulates that all persons
registered as voters are entitled to vote in the elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[98]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Kigen
submitted that all persons involved in the process of ensuring that
implementation of the electoral laws, including IEBC, are required to ensure
that an individual who registered to vote and who presents himself or herself
to vote on the day of the elections, is given an opportunity to do so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[99] Mr. Kigen submitted that the Voters’ Register is
compiled under s. 4 of the Elections Act, whereas the registration and revision
process is governed by s. 5 of the same Act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These two provisions are, however, subject to the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">provisions of the Constitution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[100]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr.Kigen
submitted that the definition of the Principal Register of Voters under Section
2 of the Elections Act, indicates that the register contemplated is not <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">one</b> register, but rather,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">several registers</i>. The 4<sup>th</sup> Respondent
avers that the provisions relating to registration of voters do not indicate
that for a person to exercise his or her right to vote, his or her name must be
in the “Principal Register.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[101]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Further, the 4<sup>th</sup>
Respondent submitted that the register must be current, must facilitate voting
by electors, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">includes</i> a register
that is electronically compiled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr.
Kigen noted that the word “include” infers that it is not one register that is
contemplated by section 4 of the Elections Act, which provides that there shall
be a Principal Register of Voters that shall “comprise of” a poll register in
respect of every polling station, a ward register in respect of every ward, a
constituency register in respect of every constituency, a county register in
respect of every county, and a register of voters for persons residing outside
Kenya. He avers that there are <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">five</b>
registers contemplated, and that the argument that there exists only one
register, is not founded in law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[102]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 4<sup>th</sup>Respondent
averred that IEBC discharged its obligations and acted in good faith, to ensure
that the elections were transparent, participatory and inclusive, by
maintaining <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>anup-to-date website, and engaging
in consultations with all political parties, including the Petitioner’s party, ODM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[103]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Kigen
invoked the Zambian case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anderson Kambala Mazoka vs Mwanawasa</i></b>Scz/Ep/01/02/03/2002,
in which the Court held that every person entitled to vote must be given an
opportunity to vote, if he presents himself at the polling <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>station. Counsel submitted that every
person registered as a voter is entitled to vote, and that the Petitioners must
adduce credible evidence establishing the wrong-doing they allege, with regard
to the register and the registration process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[104]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 4<sup>th</sup>Respondent
submitted that the test applicable is whether a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">majority of the voters were prevented from voting</i> fortheirpreferred
candidate, and whether the election was so flawed, or a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dereliction of duty</i> by the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent so seriously
affected the result, that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">it could no
longer be reasonably said to reflect the free choice and will of the majority of
the voters.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ELECTRONIC SUPPORT FOR THE ELECTORAL PROCESS:
ITS ROLE IN THE VALIDITY OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioners’ Case <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[105]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
The Petitioners’ claim is that all the electronic processes adopted by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IEBC failed. After the failure, they allege,
the Respondent resorted to manual systems, in contravention of the law. The
central claim revolves around the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">transmission
of results</i>, where both Petitioners claim that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Section 39 of the Elections Act 2011 (No. 24 of 2011)</i>as read with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regulation 82 of the Elections (General)
Regulations, 2012</i> create a mandatory obligation for the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>electronic transmission of results. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Section 39 of the Elections Act</i>states
that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(1)
The Commission shall determine, declare and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>publish
the results of an election immediately after close of polling.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(2)
Before determining and declaring the final results of an election under subsection
(1), the Commission may announce the provisional results of an election. <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(3)
The Commission shall announce the provisional and final results in the order in
which the tallying of theresults is completed”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[106]<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rule 82, Elections (General) Rules, 2012</i>
provides for the obligation to transmit provisional results electronically: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1)
The presiding officer shall, before ferrying the actual results of the election
to the returning officer at the tallying venue, submit to the returning officer
the results in electronic form, in such manner as the Commission may direct.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“(2) The results submitted under sub-regulation (1) shall
be provisional and subject to confirmation after the procedure described
inregulation 73”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[107]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Both
Petitioners argue that, without electronic transmission, there can be no basis
for verification – since verification involves comparing the provisional
results with the final tallies. They contend that the susceptibility of the electoral
process, as conducted, to manipulation and corruption was all by design,
calculated to ensure the 3<sup>rd</sup>and 4<sup>th</sup> Respondents triumphed
in the Presidential Election. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[108]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BVR,</b> the 1<sup>st</sup>Petitioner makes
the claim that due to a botched procurement process, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">procurement was taken over by Government</i>. This, he states, led to
the loss of independence from the Executive by IEBC. With regard to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EVID</b>(Electronic Voter Identification),
he claims that the procurement of the kits was the result of an illegal procurement
process; and this led to the procurement of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">faulty
kits</i>that were bound to fail on election day, as indeed they did. He claims
that IEBC abandoning EVID at the polling stations,“prevented millions of voters
[from having] their votes counted accurately.” This, he claims, was in direct
derogation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regulation 69 of the Elections
(General) Regulations, 2012 </i>which states:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“ (1) before issuing a ballot paper to a voter, an election <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>official shall—<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">require
the voter to produce an identification document which shall be the same
document used at the time of registration as a voter;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">ascertain
that the voter has not voted in that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>election;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">call
out the number and name of the voter as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>stated in the polling station register;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(d) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>in
case of an electronic register, require the voter to place his or her fingers
on the fingerprint scanner and cross out the name of the voter once the image
has been retrieved…”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[109]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 2<sup>nd</sup>
Petitioner contends that the electronic voter registration (BVI) and
Identification (EVID) systems comprise of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foolproof
register of voters</i>; it should automatically subtract from the main register
voters who have voted, thus providing a running tally of votes cast. Biometric
Registration of Voters has its basis in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Elections (Registration of
Voters) Regulations, </i>2012, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regulation
13,</i></b> which provides for thecapturing of the biometric data of a voter,
such as the palm-print and facial impressions: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“
(1) A person who is not already registered as a voter but who wishes to be so
registered shall make an application in <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Form
C set out in the Schedule.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(2)
An application under subregulation (1) shall be made to the registration
officer for the constituency in which the person wishes to be registered.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(3)
Theregistration officer shall, for the purposeof registration, collect such
biometric data which include palm print and facial impressions of the persons
applying for registration, as the Commission may determine.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[110]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The second
Petitioner states that the BVR system should be centrally integrated [networked],
to ensure multiple voting is rendered. She contends that IEBC’s approach of
downloading piecemeal, portions of the biometric register into laptops, leads
to uncertainty as to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">what register</i>
was so downloaded. Without these safeguards, she contends, there was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nothing to stop</i>double voting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[111]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Through her learned
advocate, Ms. Kethi Kilonzo, the second Petitioner states that the electronic
transmission of results generated a vote-count that maintained a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">consistent, spurious gap between the two
leading presidential candidates</i>. She contends that it is scientifically <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">impossible</i> to maintain such a consistent
disparity in results that are being randomly relayed. She also states that the
“rejected votes” generated wereso considerable in numbers as to be inaccurate.
She contends that IEBC occasioned undue delays in publicly acknowledging the
evident failures in the electronic transmission system. In support of her
contentions, she points to the daily Press article by M/s. George Kegoro and
Wachira Maina, that basically affirms this position. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[112]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ms. Kilonzo also relies on an Indian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.C.
Jose v Sivan Pillai & Others </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1984
AIR 921, </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">to support the
contention that, where certain requirements are prescribed by an Act, and its
Rules, IEBC was not at liberty to derogate from such <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rules</i>, or exercise any discretion. </span>In <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the case in question, the Supreme Court of
India stated: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(a) When there
is no Parliamentary legislation or rule made under the said legislation, the
Commission is free to pass any orders in respect of the Conduct of elections
[86 H].<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“(b) Where there is an Act and there
are express Rules made thereunder, it is not open to the Commission toover-ride
the Act or the Rules and pass orders in direct disobedience to the mandate
contained in the Act or the Rules. The Powers of the Commission are meant to
supplement rather than supplant the law(both statute and Rules) in the matter
of superintendence,direction and control as provided by Article 324 [87A-B].<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“(c) Where the Act or the Rules are
silent, the Commission has no doubt plenary powers under Article 324 to give
any direction in respect of the conduct of election [87C].<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“(d) Where a particular direction by
the Commission is submitted to the government for approval, as required by the
Rules, it is not open to the Commission to go ahead with implementation of it
at its own … will even if the approval of the Government is not given” [87D].<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Responses <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[113]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All Respondents
argue that IEBC is not <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">required</i> by
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution</i> or the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">law</i> to establish and conduct an
electronic election process as alleged by the Petitioner. The processes of
voting, counting and tallying and transmitting of the final results are
required and designed by law as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">manual
processes</i>, contrary to the allegations of the petitioner. This is supported
by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rule 59 and 60 of the Elections
(General) Regulations, 2012</i>, which state: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">‘59.
…<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(2) A voter shall cast his or her
vote by the use of a ballot paper or electronically.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>…<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“60.
Where the Commission intends to conduct an election by electronic means, it
shall, not later than three months before such election, publish in the Gazette
and publicise through electronic and print media of national circulation and other
easily accessible medium guidelines that shall apply in such voting.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[114]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Respondents
all contend that IEBC has a discretion under <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Section
44 of the Elections Act,</i></b> to deploy appropriate <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>technology as it deems fit, in the administration and
management of elections. Section 44 Provides: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“The Commission may use
such technology as it considers appropriate in the electoral process.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[115] <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Respondents
urge that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Section 4(m) of the Independent
Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) Act, 2011 (No. 9 of 2011),</i>reiterates
this <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">discretion: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“As provided for by Article
88(4) of the Constitution, the Commission is responsible for conducting or
supervising referenda and elections to any elective body or office established
by the Constitution, and any other elections as prescribed by an Act of
Parliament and, in particular, for—<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">…<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(m) the use of appropriate
technology and approaches in the performance of its functions….”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[116]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Consequently,
according to the Respondents, there was no <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legitimate
expectation</i> that the Commission should make use of any technology in
voting, ballot counting, transmission, tallying and declaration of the results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[117]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Respondents
state that, contrary to the averments of the Petitioners, technology was never
envisaged by the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent as the sole means of registering
voters, of identifying them on voting day, or in the transmission and tallying
of results. Electronic Technology is utilized in the elections as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">part of other numerous checks and controls</i>
built in the entire electoral process, to ensure that the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent fulfils its mandate under <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article
81 of the Constitution</b>, to deliver <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">free
and fair elections</i>. Technology, they argue, is not a replacement or
alternative to the manual voting, counting, tallying and transmission
processes, that are expressly required by law. Further, the Respondents contend,
the Petitioners also misunderstand the policy and legal framework regarding the
use of technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[118]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Respondents
submit that all the allegations by the Petitioners have not stood the test of
scrutiny, in light of the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pleadings
and evidence produced. The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents
specifically submit that the technologies deployed in the election experienced
challenges, but all such challenges were not catastrophic, as alleged, and did
not impact negatively on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">outcome of
the elections.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[119]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents contend that EVID worked well in a majority of the
polling stations, alongside the manual process. Furthermore, they state that
RTS, as a check-and-control mechanism, worked considerably well, as, out of a
total of 31,025 polling stations, it did transmit results for all six elective
stations as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14,232 (45.9%) polling stations sent results for
the Presidential election;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,082 polling stations sent results for the
Senators’ elections;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6,892 polling stations sent results for the
Governors’ elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,397 polling stations sent results for the
Members of the National Assembly election;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,968 polling stations sent results for the
County Ward Representatives election; and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,428 polling stations sent results for the
Women’s County Representatives election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[120]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>By the evidence,
therefore, the technologies assisted in upholding, rather than vitiating, the
will of the Kenyan people. Contrary to the allegation that the failure of the
BVR/BVI devices prevented millions of voters from having their votes counted
accurately, it is the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent’s response that the BVI/BVR set-up
was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not designed to electronically count
votes.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[121)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On the
allegation that IEBC abandoned the process of electronic voting, the 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents state that there is evidence, the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent
reconfigured the server that had been unable to receive results transmitted by
the Presiding Officers. However, at the time of restoration of the server, the
Presiding Officers had already handed over their tallies and phones to the
Returning Officer, in accordance with Regulation 73 (4) of the Elections
(General) Regulations, 2012. They also contend that IEBC had engaged the public
and the 1<sup>st</sup>Petitioner’s political party and his agents on the
emerging challenges. They state that RTS was designed to transmit provisional
results, in accordance with Section 39(2) of the Elections Act 2011, but not
the final result. They state that the lessons learnt from the several
challenges, will provide a basis for strengthening the electoral process
further. Although the technologies used experienced certain impediments, it was
urged, EVID and RTS had no effect,material or immaterial, on the validity of
the Presidential election. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learned counsel
Ms. Lucy Kambuni for IEBC, indeed, relies on the same case cited by counsel for
the 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioner, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.C. Jose v Sivan Pillai& Others </i></b>(supra),for
the contention that, because of the discretion conferred by the Constitution
and the election laws, the IEBC had <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plenary
powers to decide on its administrative arrangements. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[122]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Senior Counsel
Ahmednassir Abdullahi, for the 2<sup>nd</sup>Respondent, complained that the Petition
before the Court was not one that usually arises in the context of Third World
countries. He is categorical that this is a ‘First World complaint’, mainly
dwelling on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">technological failures</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">possibilities</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">challenges.</i>He cites two cases from the Supreme Court of the
Philippines. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(GR Number 188456, H. Haary L. Roque, JR and Others -v- Commissionon
Election,2009 and G.R No. 194139 Douglas R. Cagas v The Commission on
Elections, 2012). </i></b>In both cases, the plaintiffs had based their claims
on fears which they had, sparked by potential abuse and breakdown of technology,
and the effect of this on the integrity of the electoral system. The Court
remarked: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“If the machines failed for
whatever reason, the paper ballots would still be there for hand counting, and
manual tabulation and transmission of the ER’s.Further, that the court would
not guarantee as it cannot guarantee the effectiveness of the voting machines
and the integrity of the counting and consolidation software embedded in them.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[123] Counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent submits that
electronic systems failed in the Ghana General Elections of 2012; and also in
the United States Presidential election in 2000. Indeed some States such as New
Mexico have voted to convert from an electronic system back to the paper
system. Counsel therefore applauds our laws, as they <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">give IEBC a wide latitude to determine whether to use electronic
electoral systems.</i> Thus, the Petitioners cannot claim that the use of
technology was the essence of the elections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[124]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learned counsel
for the 4<sup>th</sup> Respondent, Mr. Katwa Kigen, </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">avers that IEBC in various meetings before the
elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March, 2013 informed <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>all political parties, including the
Petitioner’s party and its coalition partners, that since it was deploying BVI
for the first time across the whole country, a paper- register fallback was
available, to ensure that no voter would be disenfranchised, in the event that
technology failed. Such an arrangement is validated by the provision of </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Section
83 of the Elections Act, 2011,</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">which deals with situationsin
which there is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">non-compliance with a
written law: <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“No election shall be declared
to be void by reason of non-compliance with any written law relating to that election
if it appears that the election was conducted in accordance with the principles
laid down in the Constitution and in that written law or that the non-compliance
did not affect the result of the election.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">[125]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Mr. Kigen submitted that the allegation that there was a plot to
ensure failure of the electronic system deployed in the Presidential election,
was not supported by evidence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(iii)
Analysis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[126]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The question of
electronic facilitation of the Presidential election isthe most technical one,
raised by the parties. It is governed by a detailed set of legal provisions and
regulations. It raises the vital question:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">act of voting</i>that
is the entitlement of every voter, as enshrined in the Constitution?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[127]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel for the
Petitioners appear to advance the position that the act of voting is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">totality of the electoral process</i>.
Therefore, a weak link in the chain ensures total collapse. They go further and
contend that the chain was made up entirely of weak links, and that this eroded
the casting of the ballot, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">thereby nullifying the electoral process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[128]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel for the
Respondents, by contrast, advance the position that the act of voting is a
galaxy, whose central sun is the signifying of one’s choice by the marking of
the ballot paper, and its subsequent deposition into the ballot box. Every
other process before and after, revolves around this procedure, and involves
only the ascertaining of the voter’s choice, and the sustaining of the voter’s
right to make that choice. Counsel provides cases from the Philippines, that hold
that even if there was a failure of all other support processes (in particular
electronic ones), the right to vote and to express one’s self in universal
suffrage is not defeated. Manual procedures must come into operation, to fulfil
the electors’ expression of choice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[129]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Article 38 (3)
of the Constitution provides safeguards for the right to vote in a free and
fair election, and the right to be registered as a voter. These two rights give
life to every other subsequent procedure, including the constitutional creation
of the IEBC, and the procedures to be used in registration, voting,
transmission, tallying and verification of the results. To concretize this
position, Article 83 states that administrative procedures to be undertaken by
IEBC are <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>to facilitate, and not to deny
an eligible voter the right to vote. This consideration must therefore be the
foundation of all interpretations made to the law by IEBC, and all Courts
sitting in appeal from the decisions taken by IEBC. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[130]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Is electronic
facilitation for the election mandatory, or discretionary?The Indian case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.C.
Jose vs Sivan Pillai & Others</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1984
AIR 921, </span></b>cited by both the Petitioners and the IEBC, is a case in
point. The Supreme Court of India defined the concept of “plenary power”
(administrative measures in Article 83): <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">powers
available to a body to create operational rules where none existed</i>. However,
where a body of law already regulated the subject, it was not up to the
discretion of the public entity to create any additional measures that
derogated from the law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[131]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An objective
reading of the Regulations cited, does not reveal a contemplation of elections conducted
solely by electronic means. The elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March 2013, were
not envisaged to be conducted on a purely electronic basis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Regulation 60 of the Elections (General)
Regulations, 2012 </i>illustrates that if the elections are to be facilitated
by electronic means only, the relevant guidelines shall be availed to the
public. Regulation 59 provides that voting is done by marking the ballot paper,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">or</i>electronically. Thus, the voting
system envisioned in Kenya appears to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">manual</i>.
Regulation 82, and Section 39 of the Elections Act, which deal with electronic transmission,
operate on the basis that electronically transmitted results are only <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">provisional</i>.Can there, therefore, be an
invalidation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">final</i>results, because
of the non-transmission of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">provisional</i>
results? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[132]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Petitioners
assert that this is so. Provisional results, for them, are the basis of
verification of results. The Respondents, by contrast, assert that this is not
so. Verification, for them, means comparing the final results on Form 34 from
apolling centre with Form 36 at the National Tallying Centre. Their contention appears
to be supported by Article 86(c) of the Constitution, describing the procedure
of verification as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">collation and
announcement of results by the Returning Officer</i>(Chair of IEBC), based on
results from polling stations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[133]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is rightly
argued by the Respondents,in our opinion, that the Court must be alive to the
fact that most polling stations are in the rural areas, where the primary-schoolpolling
stations are dilapidated, and the supply of electricity, to-date, is a distant
dream. Yet voters still go to such polling stations <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to exercise their right to vote, and to
discharge their civic duty. Of this fact, the Court will take judicial notice,
in deciding whether Presidential elections can be invalidated due to
non-compliance with regulations requiring electronic transmission. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">G.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>VOTE TALLYING: DID IT REFLECT VOTERS’ CHOICE
IN THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petitioners’
Case<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[134]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The crux of the
1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner’s case as expressed in the introduction to <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">his written submissions, is that the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent who was declared President-elect by the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent, did
not meet the threshold set out in Article 138(4) of the Constitution. The basis
of this assertion by the Petitioner is that, upon an evaluation of the
evidential materials in Forms 34 and 36,used in the final tally of the Presidential
election results, there were serious anomalies affecting the final results, as
declared by the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[135]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>According to
the Petitioners, the tallying exercise was marred by irregularities,as set out
in bothwritten and oral submissions as, follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>material alteration of primary documents used in the tallying
and verification exercise;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ii.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mismatch between the Presidential
election results tallied and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>the <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">total
number of registered voters in various constituencies and polling stations;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iii<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>inflation of Presidential election results
of certain presidential <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>candidates,
particularly the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">deflation
of Presidential election results of certain presidential candidates,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>particularly the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">exclusion of Presidential candidates’ agents and
accredited observers from the National Tallying Centre;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">total failure and inaccuracy of the
results-tallying and verification system, occasioned by the departure from the
electronic transmission of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>results to
the manual tallying system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Material alteration of primary documents
used in the tallying and verification exercise<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[136]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The issue of
tallying was largely dealt with by way of evidence in the depositions and
attachments, as regards both Petition No. 4 and Petition No. 5. In relation to
Petition No. 5 of 2013, the issueis covered in the affidavit of Janet Ong’era,
sworn on 15<sup>th</sup> March 2013. At paragraph 48 of this affidavit, the
deponent avers that one of the glaring anomalies was the alteration of the
statutory documents on the files of many constituencies. This evidence isused
by counsel to advance the submission that, based on these alterations, the
accuracy of the final tally of the Presidential election results also stood in
question. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[137]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Petition No.
5 of 2013, specifically at paragraph 5.9, the Petitioner contended that, the
final Presidential election results published by IEBC were materially different
from results reflected in the county tally. He gives the example of Nakuru
County. In other cases, the deponents averred that there were material
alterations between the verbal declaration of results made by individual
Commissioners of the 1<sup>st</sup>Respondent at the National Tallying Centre,
and the final figures issued by the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent, especially in
the following areas: South Imenti, Igembe South, Lagdera, North Imenti, Central
Imenti, Bomet East, and Sigor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[138]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel for the
1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioners, submitted that in Makueni Constituency,
the number of registered voters differed between the results for the
Presidential, Governor, Senator, and Member of National Assembly elections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 13.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Mismatch
between the Presidential election results tallied, and the total number of
registered voters in various constituencies and polling stations</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[139]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Petitioner,by
paragraph 51 of the affidavit of Janet Ong’era, indicates a cluster of 26 polling
stations where the number of valid votes cast exceeded the total number of
registered voters. In effect, the Petitioner was inviting the Court to hold
that the elections in those polling stations were rendered invalid, on account
of the said discrepancy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(c)Inflation of Presidential election
results of certain presidential candidates, particularly the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[140] The 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner submitted that there
were instances where the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent’s votes were inflated. Mr.
Oraro, learned counsel for the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner, drew the Court’s attention
to a comparison of entries in Form 34 with the corresponding entries in Form 36,for
certain polling stations. At pages 23-24 of the Petitioner’s written submissions,
there is an indication of the polling stations where such variance existed,
resulting in a difference of 1,451 votes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>According to the Petitioner, the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent’s votes were
also inflated by 7,215 votes, going by the final national tally published by
the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[141]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 2<sup>nd</sup>
and 3<sup>rd</sup> Petitioners also submitted that the results announced for the
respective Presidential election candidates at the County level in Nyeri and
Bomet, were different from what was announced at the National Tallying Centre.
In support of this allegation, the Petitioners relied on a video recording by
one Anthony Mathenge in respect of Nyeri County. The audio-visual recording was
played in Court during the oral submissions by learned counsel, Ms. Kethi
Kilonzo. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(d) Deflation
of Presidential election results of certain presidential candidates,
particularly the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[142]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner also averred that his votes were deflated by 11,000 votes. Details
of the affected polling stations were summarized in the 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner’s submissions. However, this evidence was introduced at the
submission stage, and did not form part of the primary Petition records – a
fact which occasioned valid objection from counsel for the respondents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Exclusion of Presidential election
candidates’ agents and accredited observers from the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>National <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tallying<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Centre<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[143] Learned counsel for the Petitioners submitted that all
the Presidential election candidates’ agents were asked to leave the tallying
room at the National Tallying Centre. The 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner relied on
the affidavit of Prof. Lawrence Gumbe, dated 14<sup>th</sup> March, 2013 to
advance this assertion. Further, by the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner’s
submissions, the fact that the said agents were allowed twenty minutes of
verification had no significance, as verification should have been done using
Form 34, and not Form 36 as directed by the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent. In the
submissions, the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner states that the party agents were
ordered out of the National Tallying Centre and taken to an adjacent boardroom.
The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioners in Petition No. 4 of 2013,
jointly referred to as the 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioner, also submitted that even
accredited observers were not allowed into the National Tallying Centre. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, on the basis of the evidence of Janet
Ong’era, it was submitted that Mr. Chirchir of URP, and a Ms. Winnie Guchu of
TNA were periodically allowed access into the National Tallying Centre, to the
exclusion of other agents. The overall submission was that the verification
process was contrary to law, as it was carried out unilaterally by the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Failure and inaccuracy of results-tallying
and verification system, occasioned by the departure fromelectronic
transmission of the results, to manual tallying system<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[144]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner avers that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents reverted
to a manual tallying system, which was a discredit and an abuse of the electoral
system, as it lacked transparency, accuracy and accountability, and had been
subject to manipulation by officers of the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[145]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
affidavit of Janet Ong’era [at paragraph 36], it is deponed that for purposes
of facilitating the process of manual tallying, the political parties’
representatives and the IEBC representatives had agreed that they would obtain
Form 34 from each Constituency and confirm that: the name of the polling
station indicated had been duly gazetted; the form had been signed by the
agents and the returning officers; and it had the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent’s
stamp. Selected agents from political parties would then verify the figures in
terms of registered voters, votes cast and rejected votes, and they would thereafter
signify their agreement, with or without qualification. An aggrieved party was
entitled to raise a complaint with the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[146]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner has also relied on the Independent Review Commission (“IREC”) Report
which recommended that the defunct Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) adopts
certain safety features in respect of counting and tallying of votes.The
recommended safety feature, according to the Petitioner, is Form 34; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>butIEBC has, in addition, introduced Form 36.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[147] IREC had also recommended computerized data-entry and
tallying at Constituencies,to secure simultaneous transmission of individual
polling-station level data, to the National Tallying Centre,as well as the integration
of this result-handling system in a progressive election-result announcement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[148] Another recommendation was to allow sufficient time
before the declaration of final results. It was anticipated that all parties
concerned would have an opportunity to consider the returns made, and to express
objection if need be; and thereafter, results would be announced. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[149]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioners
have further submitted that the BVR kit, which the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent
abandoned, was supposed to provide a running tally of votes cast,to prevent
multiple voting. They aver that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondents did not put in place sufficient measures to ensure the accuracy of
vote-count, after the failure of the electronic results-transmission system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[150]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioners
have relied on Article 138 (c) of the Constitution which provides that, after the
counting of votes at the polling station, the IEBC shall tally and verify the
count, and declare the results. Section 44 of the Elections Act permitted the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent to use <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">appropriate technology,</i>
as it deemed necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[151]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Counsel for
Petitioners, Ms. Kethi Kilonzo submitted that the counting and tallying of
votes was not open, diligent or responsive, and that Returning Officers,
presiding officers and County Returning Officers, were using different numbers
of registered voters from that contained in the Principal Register. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Responses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[152]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents
maintain that the counting, tallying, transmission and declaration of results
was efficient, accurate, accountable, lawful, and a true representation of the
will of the people, based on universal suffrage. The statutory violation and
irregularities ascribed to the election outcome are denied; and the allegation
of excess numbers of votes cast in favour of the 3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent,is
said to be unsubstantiated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[153]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents
maintain that, they went well beyond the thresholds of the Elections Act, and Regulation
83 of the Elections (General) Regulations, 2012, and established an elaborate
audit process, which included:a two-step audit process to examine returns, and
a verification team to counter-check the audit findings. In addition, all Returning
Officers were required to personally deliver the Presidential election results
at the National Tallying Centre in Nairobi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[154]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">The “regional
teams” received from the Returning Officer the Form 34s for Presidential
election, and Form 36 on both hard and soft copies. The teams would then run a
sanity test to ensure that the number of valid votes cast,and the rejected
votes amounted to the total vote cast, and that the total number of votes cast
for all candidates equalled the total number of valid votes cast; any errors
found were rectified. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[155]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After this 1<sup>st</sup>
review, the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents stated that the
Returning Officer was referred to the verification team, which checked the Form
34 and Form 36. This team made changes if necessary, certified that the results
were proper, and forwarded a new Form 36 for signature by the Returning Officer
and the Verification Team leader. The party agents were then given the Form 36
to counter-check. The Respondent further stated that a Summary, and the Form 36,was
forwarded to the Commissioners, who would check them again before announcing
the results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[156]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the announcement by
the Commissioners, the Form 36 would be given to a team of two electoral
officers who would again verify, and input data from Form 36 into a spread-sheet,
for the final Presidential election results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[157]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
respondents aver that IEBC maintained the use of the primary manual electoral
processes, which were not in any way challenged, and constructively engaged the
political parties in the process of voting, counting, transmission, tallying
and announcement of results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[158] The respondents averred that IEBC had held a consultative
meeting with the chief political party agents, and agreed with them on modes of
verification of Presidential election results brought to the National Tallying
Centre by Returning Officers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Subsequently
the chief agents of political parties were, from Wednesday 6<sup>th</sup> March,
2013 indeed, allowed to enter the tallying room and to observe the tallying of
the Presidential election results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[159]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondents aver that sometime in the evening of 6<sup>th</sup> March, 2013 the
political party agents inside the tallying room became rowdy, and precipitated
altercations with the Commission staff undertaking the tallies, and in some
instances, threatened to assault the staff. This situation made it impossible
for the Commission to continue undertaking its tallying exercise, prompting the
Commission to relocate the political party agents to a boardroom in the
auditorium, within the National Tallying Centre. Each of the final tallies (Form
36) were presented to the political party agents at the said boardroom,20
minutes before the announcement of results to the public. The political parties
would then undertake the verification of the Presidential election tallies,
before they were announced.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[160] The 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents’ aver that the
process of tallying as contemplated under the Constitution, the Elections Act
and the governing Regulations, is primarily a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">manual system</i>, and not an electronic process.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[161]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Respondents maintain that there are no
constitutional or statutory violations, or widespread irregularities and
malpractices that occurred; or that the votes were wrongly credited to the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent, or any other candidate. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
urge that there is no basis for seeking a nullification of the election
outcome, as sought by the Petitioner, and that the3<sup>rd</sup>Respondent was
lawfully declared President-elect, pursuant to Article 138 (4) of the
Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[162]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In their submission, the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents
state that the allegations made as regards the tallying and tabulation,
contained in Janet Ong’era’s affidavit, is not factually correct, and
disregards the various important elements of the Register.They explain this by
stating that the quoted figure of 14,337,399 registered voters was a purely
statistical entry, accumulated at the end of the voter registration exercise;
that this figure did not include persons whose biometrics could not be
captured, or other exceptional cases. Further, the Respondents’ advocates faulted
the Petitioner for randomly selecting the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup>
Respondents’ strongholds in his data scenario implying irregularity in the
electoral process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[163]</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents contend that the Petition is premised on a
misconception of the Principal Register of Voters, the tallying process, and the
legal framework – and would, therefore, not justify the grant of the prayers
sought in the Petition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[164] The 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent sought to controvert the
deposition of the Petitioner in his affidavit of 14<sup>th</sup> March, 2013.
He states that, contrary to the Petitioner’s allegation, the agents were not <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ejected from the National Tallying Centre,
but were relocated to an alternative facility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[165]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He avers that under
Article 86(b) of the Constitution, and Regulation 83, the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent has a duty to announce final results on the basis of a physical
form, Form 34, which had to be delivered to the National Tallying Centre, and
no other method, electronic or otherwise, is contemplated under the law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[166]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent further states that, the process of voting, recording, tallying and
declaration of results was conducted in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">substantial
compliance</i> with the electoral laws and the Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[167]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He also submits that, the
counting and tallying of votes was to <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>be
conducted<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">manually</i>, in accordance with
the provisions of the law, as electronic tallying of votes is not provided for
under the law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">[168]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 4<sup>th</sup>
Respondent also avers that the elections were conducted substantially in
accordance with the principles laid down in the Constitution, and all governing
law; that there was no breach of law such as to affect the results of the
elections; and that the said elections do reflect the will of Kenyans. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">SOME
ISSUES OF FACT: THE COURT’S FINDINGS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 19.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 55.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Albertus Extra Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Albertus Extra Bold"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Albertus Extra Bold";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Orders
made </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Albertus Extra Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Aharoni;">suo motu</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Albertus Extra Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[169] <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On 25<sup>th</sup>
March 2013, the Court ordered the scrutiny of all Forms 34 and Forms 36, which
were used in the country’s 33,400 polling stations. The purpose of the scrutiny
was tobetterunderstand the vital details of the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">electoral process, and to gainimpressions on the integrity
thereof.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[170]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Court also
ordered a re-tallying of the Presidential votes in 22 polling stations,using
Forms 34, 36 and the Principal Register, as these stations had featured in the
Petitioner’s grievance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The purpose of
the re-tally was to establish whether the number of votes cast in these
stations exceeded the number of registeredvoters as indicated in the Principal Register.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data
Summary<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[171]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After the
re-tally of the votes cast in the said stations was complete, it was found that
5 polling stations, out of the 22, had discrepancies as to the number of votes
cast as reflected in Form 34 and Form 36. These were: Lomerimeri Primary School,
Tiaty Constituency; Nthambiro Primary School, Igembe Central Constituency;
Kabuito Primary School,Igembe Central Constituency;Mugumoini Primary School,
Chuka Igambang’ombe Constituency; and NCC Social Hall, Lang’ata Constituency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[172]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With respect to
the scrutiny of all Forms 34which were used by the IEBC in tallying the
Presidential election votes, from the 33,400polling stations in the country,
only 18,000 polling stations were scrutinized. It was found that Forms 34were
missing in some polling stations such as: Zowerani Primary School, Kilifi North
Constituency; Show Ground, Kapenguria Constituency; NakatiyaniWater Point,
Loima Constituency; and Mjanaheri Primary School, Magarini Constituency. In
addition, the aggregate results of Form 36 voters from 75 constituencies were
missing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[173]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reports showing the above discrepancies were availed to counsel,
who were asked to comment on the facts and data reflected therein.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(c)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Petitioners’ Submissions <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[174] The 3<sup>rd</sup>Petitioner did not expressly comment
on the results except to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>note that the
report did not directly address the issue of “rejected votes”. The 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioners argued insupport of the re-tallied results
reflected in the Court’s report. The grounds in support in this regard, may be
thus summarized:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
report confirmed Petitioners’ allegations that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondents did not verify the Presidential election results as required under
the law, and should not have announced the results without accounting for all
electoral areas. This is particularly so in light of missing Form 34s from 10
polling stations thatwere highlighted in the report. The result is that neither
the Court nor the Petitioners were provided with all Form 34s and so the
results from IEBC, are unreliable.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since it is the Court, on its own motion,
which made the order on re-tallying the votes in those 22 pollingstations, the
results therefrom should now override the results expressly relied on by the 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
Court’s report shows that in some instances, the number of registered votes was
not reflected in Forms 36. In other instances, there were two Forms 36,
attributed to the same constituency and both were counted during the tallying
process conducted by the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Even after the register of voters was closed,
therewere instances where voters were still being registered. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
several polling stations, the number of votes castexceeded the registered
voters as per Forms 34. The results from these polling stations should have been
nullified by the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents in accordance
with the law, but they were included in the tallying of results.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(d)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Respondents Submissions <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[175]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The re-tally
results also drew comment from the Respondents herein. The grounds for contest can
be summarized as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
re-tally report confirmsthe Respondents’ submissions. The Respondents, through
their responses, had filed evidence in Court answering each and every one of
the discrepancies highlighted in the Court’s report. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
delivery of Forms 34 to the Court and the Petitioners was done voluntarily and
not in response to any request. While there were, admittedly, some missing
Forms 34, which were not provided, this was not done in bad faith but was a
mere oversight,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>given the limited
time-period the Respondents had to deliver the documents. In any case, all
Forms 34 were used to declare the results.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
instances where there were two Forms 36 provided for the same constituency,
these were provided in a good faith, and were not used in the tallying of
results. In some instances, the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent made errors on Forms
36 during the counting process, which he then corrected in a second Form 36.
Both Forms were submitted, having been duly signed, in order to show where the
errors were in the initial Form 36.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
every instance where there were more votes cast than registered voters, the
Green Book, which contains the manual register, was availed to the Court for
scrutiny.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
Court should guard against the possibility of disenfranchising duly registered
voters who voted on election day, simply because there was one extra voter on
the register.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Most of
the allegations that the number of votes cast exceeded the number of registered
voters in certain polling stations, were already addressed in the affidavits
annexed to the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent’s response. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The 22
constituencies mentioned by the first Petitioner are spread across the entire
country – showing that no advantage was being sought from a particular
candidate’s stronghold. Therefore, while the IEBC officials may have made some
clerical errors, no mischief or advantage can or should be attributed
thereto.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, to a substantial extent,
the voting, counting and tallying of votes was carried out to a high degree of
accuracy. This is all that is required to show that the exercise was carried
out well.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">I.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>RELIEFS SOUGHT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[176]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Petitioners
entertain the prospect of succeeding in their petitions, and have made prayers
for a wide range of reliefs, as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the Presidential election held on the 4<sup>th</sup> of March,
2013 is invalid;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents were in
breach of Articles 10, 81(e), 86 and 88 of the Constitution of Kenya in
relation to the Presidential election;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 1<sup>st</sup> Respondent was in breach of Sections 59,
60, 61, 62, 74, 79 and 82 of the Election (General) Regulations, 2012;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents’ were in
breach of Article 138(3) (c) of the Constitution of Kenya;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent is in breach of Article 75 of
the Constitution of Kenya;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents are guilty
of offences under the Elections Act, 2011 (Act No. 24 of 2011);<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">vii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>did not receive more than half of the votes cast, at the just-concluded
Presidential election and was, therefore, not validly elected and declared as
President-elect; <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">viii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the Petitioner’s fundamental rights under Articles 35, 38 and
47 of the Constitution of Kenya were violated during the President elections;<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ix.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">an
order compelling the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents to cancel
the Certificate of Election to President-elect issued to the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">x.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">an
order that there be a fresh election for the President of the Republic of Kenya
in strict compliance with the Constitution of Kenya, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">xi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">costs
of the Petition.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioner<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the absence of a credible Principal Voters Register vitiates
the validity of the Presidential elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March, 2013;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the failure to verify the Presidential votes cast at the
polling stations vitiates the validity of the Presidential election, thereby
rendering it null and void;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that the proclamation by the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondents, of the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent as President-elect was invalid
and, therefore, the Form 38 Certificate issued to the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent
is invalid.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">costs
of the Petition.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3<sup>rd</sup> Petitioner </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a
declaration that during the national election held on 4<sup>th</sup> March,
2013 the percentage of votes received by each candidate in proportion to the
total valid votes counted for purposes of Article 138(4) of the Constitution of
Kenya was as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uhuru
Kenyatta <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>50.51%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Raila
Odinga<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>43.70%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Musalia
Mudavadi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.96%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peter
Kenneth <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>0.60%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abduba
Dida<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>0.43%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Martha
Karua<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>0.36%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">James
Kiyiapi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>0.34%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Paul
Muite<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0.10%<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">costs of the Petition.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>J.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GUIDING PRINCIPLES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(i)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Context<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[177]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This may not be
the most complex case, in terms of the relevant facts and the applicable law;
but it is of the greatest importance for the following reasons: (i) it is the
first landmark case bearing on the early steps to consolidate and set in motion
the gains of a progressive and unique Constitution, which was promulgated on 27<sup>th</sup>
October, 2010; (ii) since the promulgation of the Constitution, its
“non-majoritarian” elements, such as the Judiciary and the Independent
Commissions, have assumed their special roles; but the “majoritarian” elements,
in the form of a popularly elected Legislature and Executive, were still in
abeyance; (iii) transition from the little-regulated Executive set-up of the
earlier period, to a new one subject to the established constitutional
limitations, is a fateful process which the people must effect through the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">electoral process</i>; (iv) the cardinal
role of implementation of the principles and terms of the Constitution of
Kenya, 2010 rests with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Executive
Branch</i>, acting through laws emanating from the Legislature, and subject to
the restraints of the Constitution itself and the law, as superintended by the
Judiciary; and hence the electoral process which now sets the Presidency afoot,
in the provision of national leadership, is all-important to the people of
Kenya;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(v) although the Supreme Court
has been in place for about one year-and-a-half, charged with the obligation to
“assert the supremacy of the Constitution and the sovereignty of the people of
Kenya”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Supreme Court Act, 2011 (Act No. 7 of 2011), Section 3(a)],</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it is only now that it has the first
opportunity to consider the vital question as to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">integrity of a Presidential election,</i> and, therefore, the scope for
the new Constitution to anchor its processes on the operations of a lawful
Executive Branch; and (vi), this is the first test of the scope available to
this Supreme Court, to administer law and justice in relation to a matter of
the expression of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">popular will</i> –
election of the President. This Judgment, therefore, may be viewed as a
baseline for the Supreme Court’s perception of matters political, as these
interplay with the progressive terms of the new Constitution. It is clear that
this Judgment, just as it is important to all Kenyans in political terms, is no
less important to the Court itself, in terms of the evolution of jurisprudence
in the domain of public affairs. It is particularly so, in the light of Section
3(c) of the Supreme Court Act, which vests in this Court the obligation to “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">develop rich jurisprudence that respects
Kenya’s history and traditions and facilitates its social, economic and
political growth.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Droid Sans"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Proof<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in
Election Petition Cases<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[178]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Oraro,
Senior Counsel for the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner, cited the English case,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Morgan
and Others v. Simpson and Another </i>[1974] 3 All ER 722</b>in support of his
submission, with regard to the standards applicable in cases of this nature. He
cited a passage in that decision: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“…an election court was
required to declare an election invalid (a)if irregularities in the conduct of
elections had been such that it could not be said that the election had been
conducted as to be substantially in accordance with the law as to election, or
(b) if the irregularities had affected the results.Accordingly,where breaches
of the election rules, although trivial,had affected the results, that by
itself was enough to compel the Court to declare the election void even though
it had been conducted substantially in accordance with the law as to
elections.Conversely,if the election had been conducted so badly that it was
not substantially in accordance with the law, it was vitiated irrespective of
whether or not the result of the election had been affected…”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[179]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Counsel
submitted that the above standard has been adopted in our laws, and is
therefore part and parcel of our local jurisprudence.Hecites section 83 of the
Elections Act, 2011 (No. 24 of 2011) which states<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“No election shall be declared
to be void by reason of non-compliance with any written law relating to that
election if it appears that the election was conducted in accordance with the
principles laid down in the Constitution andin that written law or that the
non-compliance did not affect the result of that election</b></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[180]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner also cited the case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Magara v. Nyamweya</i></b>(2010) 4KLR (EP)
in which the Court of Appeal asserted the above principle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[181]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent through learned counsel Mr. Nyaoga, submitted that <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the burden of proof lay on the Petitioner. He advanced the
argument that these election petition proceedings, on the basis of the evidence
adduced by the Petitioner, were of a “quasi criminal nature”. Hence it washis
case that the Petitioner alleging these “criminal offences”, must prove them.
The Respondent urged that the standard should be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">higher than the balance of probability,</i> but lower than “beyond
reasonable doubt”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[182]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondent, through learned counsel, Mr. Kamau Karori, while responding to the Petitioner’s
case that the Voters’ Register was manipulated, submitted that the burden of
proof in showingthe alleged manipulation lay firmly with the Petitioner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[183]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The learned Attorney-General,
Prof. Githu Muigai, in execution of his duty as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amicus curiae</i> lent some insight in this regard. He first
distinguished between the burden of proof and the standard of proof, thus: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">burden of proof is concerned with the
question, whose duty is it to place evidence before the Court; while standard
of proof is concerned with, what weight the Court should place on the material
fact that is placed before it”</i>.It was the Attorney-General’s submission
that, in an election petition, the burden of proof lies on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">both</i></b>parties. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[184]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Attorney-General
cited the Nigerian case of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Abubakar v.Yar’Adua</i></b>[2009] All FWLR
(Pt. 457) 1 S.C.,in which the Court held that the burden is on the Petitioner,
to prove non-compliance with electoral law, and to show that the non-compliance
affected the results of the election. The same jurisprudence was <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>enunciated in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buhari v. Obasanjo</i></b> (2005)
CLR 7(k) (SC)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,</b>also cited by the
Attorney-General; the various components of burden of proof were distinguished,in
their shifting pattern: the burden is on the petitioner to prove non-compliance
with the electoral law; and it then shifts to the Respondent, or the electoral
board, to prove that such non-compliance did not affect the results of the
election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[185]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Nigeria, it
is noted from the Attorney-General’s submissions, the question of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">evidential threshold</i> is not in the
Constitution, but is specified in the statute, the Elections Act, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[186]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Attorney-General also relied on a decision of the Indian Supreme Court, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M.
Narayan Rao v. G Venkata Reddy &Another</i>, </b>1977 (AIR)(SC)208 in which
the following passage appears:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“The
charge of commission of corrupt practice has to be proved and established
beyond reasonable doubt like a criminal charge or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a quasi-criminal charge but not exactly in
the manner of establishment of guilt in the manner of criminal prosecution
giving the liberty of the accused to keep mum. The charge has to be proved on
appraisal of the evidence adduced by both parties especially by the election
petitioner.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In Indian jurisprudence the proof required is beyond
reasonable doubt, but not to the level of the criminal standard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[187]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">high standards of proof</i> are required in
cases imputing election malpractice, appears to be the norm, as is also
confirmed in the Zambian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Akashambatwa Lewanika & Others v.
Fredrick Chiluba</i></b>[1999] 1 LRC 138.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[188]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even as learned
counsel elucidated the burden of proof in election cases, Mr. Abdullahi urged
the Court to take an additional factor into account, in the case of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Presidential election</i>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Court should be guided by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">restraint</i> – as the question before it
was more <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">political </i>than <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">constitutional-legal</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[189]Mr. Abdullahi, being guided by the American Supreme
Court decision in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bush v. Gore,</i></b>531 U.S. (2000), called for judicial care and
restraint in Presidential election disputes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[190]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mr. Abdullahi
proposed that the standard of proof in claims of impropriety or illegality in
the conduct of Presidential election, should be set <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">higher</i></b> than the
criminal-trial requirement of “proof beyond reasonable doubt”. Counsel’s
justification was that judicial intervention ought not, in principle, to be
sustained once the electorate had made their choice by casting the vote.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[191] Comparative judicial practice on the burden of proof
helps to illuminate this Court’s perceptions, in a case which rests, to a
significant degree, on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fact.</i></b> In a Ugandan election case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Col.
Dr. Kizza Besigye v. Museveni Yoweri Kaguta & Electoral Commission,</i></b>
Election Petition No. 1 of 2001, the majority on the Supreme Court Bench held:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“….the
burden of proof in election petitions as in other civil cases is settled. It
lies on the Petitioner to prove his case to the satisfaction of the Court. The
only controversy surrounds the standard of proof required to satisfy the
Court.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[192]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similarly in
the Canadian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Opitz v. Wrzesnewskyj</i></b>2012 SCC 55-2012-10-256 it is thus stated
in the majority opinion:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“An applicant who seeks to
annul an election bears the legal burden of proof throughout……”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[193] Such a line of judicial thinking is also found in the
Nigerian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buhari v. Obasanjo</i></b> (2005) CLR 7K, in which the Supreme Court
stated:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“The
burden is on petitioners to prove that non-compliance has not only taken place
but also has substantially affected the result….There must be clear evidence of
non-compliance, then, that the non-compliance has substantially affected the
election.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The Nigerian Supreme Court further stated:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“He
who asserts is required to prove such fact by adducing credible evidence. If
the party fails to do so its case will fail. On the other hand if the party
succeeds in adducing evidence to prove the pleaded fact it is said to have
discharged the burden of proof that rests on it. The burden is then said to
have shifted to the party’s adversary to prove that the fact established by the
evidence adduced could not on the preponderance of the evidence result in the
Court giving judgment in favour of the party.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[194]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In another
Nigerian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibrahim v. Shagari & Others</i></b> (1985) LRC (Const.) 1, the
Supreme Court held:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“[T]he
Court is the sole judge and if it is satisfied that the election has been
conducted substantially in accordance with Part II of the Act it will not
invalidate it. The wording of Section 123 is such that it presumes that there
will be some minor breaches of regulations but the election will only be
avoided if the non-compliance so resulting and established in Court by credible
evidence is substantial. Further, the Court will take into account the effect
if any, which such non-compliance with [the] provisions of Part II of the
Electoral Act, 1982 has had on the result of the election…. [T]he duty to
satisfy the Court that a particular non-compliance with the provisions of Part
II of the Electoral Act….lies on the petitioner.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[195] There is, apparently, a common thread in the foregoing
comparative jurisprudence on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">burden of
proof</i> in election cases. Its essence is that an electoral cause is
established much in the same way as a civil cause: the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legal burden</i> rests on the petitioner, but, depending on the effectiveness
with which he or she discharges this, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">evidential
burden</i> keeps shifting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultimately,
of course, it falls to the Court to determine whether a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">firm</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unanswered</i> case
has been made. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[196]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We find merit
in such a judicial approach, as is well exemplified in the several cases from
Nigeria. Where a party alleges non-conformity with the electoral law, the
petitioner must not only prove that there has been <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">non-compliance with the law,</i> but that such failure of compliance <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">did affect the validity of the elections.</i>
It is on that basis that the respondent bears the burden of proving the
contrary. This emerges from a long-standing common law approach in respect of
alleged irregularity in the acts of public bodies. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Omnia praesumuntur rite et solemniter esse acta:</i> all acts are
presumed to have been done rightly and regularly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, the petitioner must set out by raising
firm and credible evidence of the public authority’s departures from the
prescriptions of the law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[197] IEBC is a constitutional entity entrusted with
specified obligations, to organize, manage and conduct elections, designed to
give fulfilment to the people’s political rights [Article 38 of the
Constitution].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The execution of such a
mandate is underpinned by specified constitutional principles and mechanisms,
and by detailed provisions of the statute law. While it is conceivable that the
law of elections can be infringed, especially through incompetence,
malpractices or fraud attributable to the responsible agency, it behoves the
person who thus alleges, to produce the necessary evidence in the first place –
and thereafter, the evidential burden shifts, and keeps shifting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[198] To what <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">standard</i>
must such initial burden be discharged? The practice in this respect varies
from one jurisdiction to another. In some countries, it is held that election
petitions are litigation much in the nature of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">civil proceedings</i> – and that the standard of proof should be the
same as in civil causes. Thus in Mauritius, in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jugnauth v. Ringadoo and Others</i></b>
[2008] UKPC 50, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council affirmed the
decision of the Supreme Court of Mauritius, nullifying the election of the
appellant, a Member of Parliament and Minister of the Government. The following
passage occurs in the judgment of the Privy Council:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“….the
legislature…deliberately chose to approach the matter as one in which the court
should adopt the civil standard of proof. There was no question of the Court
applying anything other than the civil standard of proof and in particular, no
question of the application of an intermediate standard. It followed that the
issue for the election court was whether the petitioner had established, on the
balance of probabilities, that the election was affected by bribery in the
manner specified in the petition. In practice, as a matter of common sense
rather than law, the Court was unlikely to be satisfied on the balance of
probabilities that there has been bribery without cogent evidence to that
effect. In the instant matter the Supreme Court was correct to reach its
factual conclusions on the balance of probabilities.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[199] In the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jugnauth Case</i></b>, the Court observed
that election petitions are civil in nature, and the proper test should be the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">balance of probability</i>. The same
principle was also stated in the Canadian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Opitz </i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(supra).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[200] In certain jurisdictions, a higher standard of proof
has been required, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">depending on the
specific element in the cause</i> being proved. Thus, in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shri Kirpal Singh v. Shri V.V.
Giri</i></b> (1970) INSC 191: AIR 1970 SC 2097; 1971(2) SCR 197; 1970(2) SCC
567 the Supreme Court of India stated:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“There can be no doubt that
a charge of undue influence is in the nature of a criminal charge and must be
proved by cogent and reliable evidence, not on the mere ground of balance of
probability but on reasonable certainty that the persons charged therewith have
committed the offence, on the strength of evidence which leaves no scope for
doubt as to whether they have done so. Although there are inherent differences
between the trial of an election petition and that of a criminal charge in the
matter of investigation, the vital point of identity for the two trials is that
the court must be able to come to the conclusion beyond any reasonable doubt as
to the commission of the corrupt practice.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[201]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some
jurisdictions have adopted a standard of proof that goes beyond the balance of
probability but falls slightly below proof-beyond-reasonable-doubt. Zambia
adopted such a standard in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lewanika and Others v. Chiluba</i></b>
(1999) 1LRC 138. Five petitioners challenged the election of the respondent as
President, on 18<sup>th</sup> November, 1996 on the ground that he was not
qualified to stand as a candidate, as neither he nor his parents were citizens
of Zambia by birth or by descent, as required under Article 34(3), Schedule 2
to the Constitution of Zambia Act, 1991 as amended in 1996. The petitioners
also alleged electoral flaws, including bribery and corruption, irregularities
and flaws in the electoral system; they sought the nullification of the elections
for having been rigged, and being not free and fair. The Court thus held, on
standard of proof:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“[W]e
wish to assert that it cannot be seriously disputed that parliamentary election
petitions have generally long required to be proved to a </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">standard
higher than on a mere balance of probability.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> It follows, therefore, that in this case where the petition has been
brought under constitutional provisions and would impact upon the governance of
the nation and the deployment of the constitutional power and authority, </b>no
less<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> a standard of proof is required. It
follows also that the issues raised are required to be established to a</b>fairly
high degree of convincing clarity.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[202] But in another Zambian case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anderson Kambela Mazoka and Two
Others v. Levy Patrick Mwanawasa and Two Others</i></b> SCZ/EP/01/02/03/2002,
the Supreme Court held that the Court, in determining the standard of proof,
should take into account the facts of the particular case:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“We
accept that the issue of standard of proof may turn out to be more a matter of
words than anything else. There can be </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">no absolute standard of
proof. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The degree must depend on the subject
matter. In the case under consideration, the standard of proof must depend on
the allegations pleaded.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[203]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lesson to
be drawn from the several authorities is, in our opinion, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">that this Court should freely determine its standard of
proof, on the basis of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">principles of
the Constitution</i>, and of its concern to give fulfilment to the safeguarded
electoral rights. As the public body responsible for elections, like other
public agencies, is subject to the “national values and principles of
governance” declared in the Constitution [Article 10], judicial practice must
not make it burdensome to enforce the principles of properly-conducted
elections which give fulfilment to the right of franchise. But at the same
time, a petitioner should be under obligation to discharge the initial burden
of proof, before the respondents are invited to bear the evidential burden. The
threshold of proof should, in principle, be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">above
the balance of probability</i>, though not as high as beyond-reasonable-doubt –
save that this would not affect the normal standards where criminal charges
linked to an election, are in question. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the case of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">data-specific electoral requirements</i> (such as those specified in
Article 38(4) of the Constitution, for an outright win in the Presidential
election), the party bearing the legal burden of proof must discharge it beyond
any reasonable doubt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(iii) The Supreme
Court’s Jurisdiction in a Presidential-election Petition<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[204]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Court’s
jurisdiction in the consolidated Petitions was not an issue for determination <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">per se</i>. That the parties chose to move
the Court to determine the validity of the Presidential election was an indication
that they had no doubts as to the Court’s jurisdiction. However, the gist of
some of the prayers in the Petition, and of the submissions made in support,
raised a question as to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nature and
extent of the Court’s jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[205] It is clear that the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction in a
Presidential election is both <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">original</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exclusive</i> – a position well
clarified in our Advisory Opinion No. 2 of 2012, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In the Matter of an Application
for Advisory Opinion under Article 163(6) of the Constitution of Kenya.</i></b>
No Court other than the Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to hear and
determine disputes relating to an election for the office of President. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[206] This jurisdiction, however, is not boundless in scope:
it is circumscribed in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extent</i> and in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">time</i>. Limited in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">extent</i>, in that it relates only to an inquiry into the legal,
factual and evidentiary questions relevant to the determination of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">validity or invalidity of a Presidential
election.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[207] The Supreme Court cannot roll over the defined range
of the electoral process like a colossus. The Court must take care not to usurp
the jurisdiction of the lower Courts in electoral disputes. It follows that the
annulment of a Presidential election will not necessarily vitiate the entire
general election. And the annulment of a Presidential election need not
occasion a constitutional crisis, as the authority to declare a Presidential
election invalid is granted by the Constitution itself. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[208] A petitioner against the declaration of a candidate as
President-elect, under Articles 163(3)(a) and 140 of the Constitution as read
together with the provisions of the Supreme Court Act, 2011 (Act No. 7 of 2011)
and the Supreme Court (Presidential Elections) Rules, 2013, is required to
present a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">specific, concise</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">focused claim</i> which does not purport to
extend the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction beyond the bounds set out in the
Constitution. It follows that the Court will only grant <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">orders specific to the Presidential election.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[209] The Supreme Court’s jurisdiction is also limited in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">time-span.</i> A petition contesting the
election of a President does not set off an open-ended course of litigation
without time-frames. The applicable time-frame, within which any challenge to
the election must be filed, served, heard and determined, is prescribed under
the Constitution. Article 140(1) and (2) of the Constitution provide as
follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1)
A person may file a petition in the Supreme Court to challenge the election of
the President-elect within seven days after the date of the declaration of the
results of the Presidential election.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(2)
Within fourteen days after the filing of a petition under clause (1), the
Supreme Court shall hear and determine the petition and its decision shall be
final.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[210]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Applying the
foregoing provision, and in exercise of powers conferred by Article 163(8) of
the Constitution and Section 31 of the Supreme Court Act, 2011 the Court has
recently made and published the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supreme
Court (Presidential Election Petition) Rules, 2013.</i> These Rules constitute
the Court’s detailed norms for operationalising the terms of Article 140 of the
Constitution. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[211]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
fourteen-day limit within which the Court must hear and determine a
Presidential election petition, starts counting immediately upon filing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By Rule 7, the Petitioner has a period of
three days within which to serve the Respondent, after filing. Rule 8 allows
the Respondent three days within which to file a response, following the
service. Rule 9 provides for a pre-trial conference, nine days from the date of
filing the petition. The Court, thus, has three days within which to examine
the pleadings, before the pre-trial conference takes place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[212]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is our
perception that an intending Petitioner will utilize the seven-day window given
by the Constitution, following the declaration of election-outcome, to prepare
the pleadings. Likewise, a Respondent will utilize the three days afforded by
the Rules, to lodge a response to the Petitioner’s allegations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[213]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The purpose of
the pre-trial conference is set out in Rule 10: this is a preparatory forum to lay
the ground rules for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">expeditious,
fair</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">efficient disposal</i> of
the petition. The pre-trial conference enables the Court, upon hearing the
parties and, if need be, on its own motion, to make appropriate orders and give
directions for ensuring fair determination of the dispute.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By Rule 10(1)(f), the Court is empowered to
give preparatory directions touching on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">scheme
of evidence</i>: the filing and service of any further affidavits, or the
calling of some particular kind of evidence. The issuance of such directions is
attuned to the constitutional imperatives of the forthcoming proceedings: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">efficiency, expedition, fairness, finality</i>.
By Rule 11, the Court “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shall within two
days of the pre-trial conference commence the hearing of the petition.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[214]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
requirements of such a disciplined trial-framework fully justifies the
unlimited exercise of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Court’s
discretion</i> in making orders that shape the course of the proceedings. Thus,
in the instant case, the Court did dismiss two applications, in Rulings made
during the pre-trial conference. One of these was for an order of production of
certain documents; the other was in respect of a “Notice to Produce” a marked
voter register found at the numerous polling stations right across the country.
The Court also made an order to exclude from the proceedings a “further
affidavit” which had just been filed by the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner; the said
affidavit sought to introduce new material well after the filing of the
petition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[215]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reasons for
the Court’s decision to disallow such new matter are set out in the Ruling, as
delivered and signed. The 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondent had declared the results of
the Presidential election on 9<sup>th</sup> March, 2013. By Article 140 of the
Constitution, any intending petitioner had up to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seven days</i></b> to prepare and
file the petition. The 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner elected to file his petition
on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">16<sup>th</sup>
March, 2013</i></b> and, thenceforth, the fourteen-day period for the hearing
and conclusion of the proceedings, started running. Yet, six days later, on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">23<sup>rd</sup>
March, 2013,</i></b> just two days before the pre-trial conference, the 1<sup>st</sup>
Petitioner filed the “further affidavit” in question. It emerged as a fact,
that the further affidavit, as the Respondents averred, was attempting to
introduce <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">new matter</i></b> into the original petition – by way of averments.
The merits of this belated move were canvassed at the pre-trial conference on
25<sup>th</sup> March, 2013; and the Court ruled on this question on 26<sup>th</sup>
March, 2013, excluding the “further affidavit.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[216]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The primary
justification for the rejection of the “further affidavit” lies in the
requirements of the disciplined trial process required under the Constitution.
The Court, besides, had taken into account all the relevant circumstances. Were
the Court to admit the new evidence, then ends of justice would demand that the
Respondents be granted reasonable time to file a response to the “further
affidavit”. The Respondents urged that they needed the same length of time it
had taken the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner to file the “further affidavit,” to
make a response – six days as from 27<sup>th</sup> March, 2013. Even had the
Court granted only half that time, the main hearing of the Petition would not
have started before <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">30<sup>th</sup> March, 2013</i></b>: and the Supreme Court would,
consequently,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have failed to hear and
determine the Petition within 14 days as required by the Constitution. Allowing
the “further affidavit” would have led to consequences not only subverting the
Constitution itself, but most significantly, precipitating a crisis in the
operations of the Executive Branch. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[217]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rigid
time-frame for the resolution of Presidential-election disputes was not, in our
opinion, conceived in vain at the time of the constitution-making process. From
the terms of Article 140 of the Constitution, it is clear that<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">expedition</i> is of the essence, in
determining petitions relating to Presidential elections. As the electoral
process had, in this case, led to the declaration of a winner, but one who
could not assume office pending the determination of the petition,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the protracted holding-on of a
President-elect, as well as a retiring President, would, in our opinion,
present a state of anticipation and uncertainty which would not serve the
public interest. Expedition in the resolution of the dispute was all-important:
if the Court affirmed the election of the President-elect, then the transition
process would be responsibly accomplished; and if the Court annulled the
election, the electorate would pacifically attune itself to the setting for
fresh election – to be held within sixty days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[218] Notwithstanding such considerations of merit, which
led the Court to exclude belatedly-introduced papers, counsel argued on the
basis of Article 159(2)(d) of the Constitution, which thus provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“In
exercising judicial authority, the courts and tribunals shall be guided by the
following principles – <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">…<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">justice shall be administered without
undue regard to procedural technicalities….”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The essence of that provision is that a Court of law should
not allow the prescriptions of procedure and form to trump the primary object,
of dispensing substantive justice to the parties. This principle of merit,
however, in our opinion, bears no meaning cast-in-stone and which suits all
situations of dispute resolution. On the contrary, the Court as an agency of
the processes of justice, is called upon to appreciate all the relevant
circumstances and the requirements of a particular case, and conscientiously
determine the best course. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">time-lines</i>
for the lodgement of evidence, in a case such as this, the scheme of which is
well laid-out in the Constitution, were in our view, most material to the
opportunity to accord the parties a fair hearing, and to dispose of the
grievances in a judicial manner. Moreover, the Constitution, for purposes of
interpretation, must be read as one whole: and in this regard, the terms of
Article 159(2)(d) are not to be held to apply in a manner that ousts the
provisions of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 140,</b> as
regards the fourteen-day limit within which a petition challenging the election
of a President is to be heard and determined. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(iv )<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Judicial Restraint<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[219]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learned
counsel, Mr. Ahmednasir Abdullahi has called for the adoption of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">restraint</i> by the Court, in this
Presidential-election matter. He urges that the facts and special circumstances
of this case require restraint, in the judicial approach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[220] Counsel proceeded from the following foundation of
fact: the Presidential election took place in a context of perfect peace; as
many as 86% of the electorate – a high turnout by any standards – did vote; no
case of loss of life in the course of the election was reported. So, the will
of the electorate, by which the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent was entrusted with
the Presidential mandate, ought to be upheld.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[221] In such conditions, Mr. Abdullahi urged, the Court
should in principle desist from intervention, but should instead affirm the
principle of restraint. Learned counsel submitted that Kenya is at a sensitive
stage of establishing the institutions of democracy and constitutionalism, and
that this requires a certain degree of public confidence which, for the
judicial process, is a treasure, that can only be nurtured through restraint,
where the electoral will has been made known. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[222]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Counsel recalled,
as a comparative perspective, that judicial restraint had similarly been urged
in the American case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bush v. Al Gore</i></b> 531 U.S. (2000), in
aid of the argument that even though the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to
invalidate a Presidential election by virtue of Article 140 of the
Constitution, restraint was paramount. For, the issues involved are essentially
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">political</i> in nature. Counsel invoked
the following passage in the American case:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“None
are more conscious of the vital limits on judicial authority than are the
members of this Court, and none stand more in admiration of the Constitution’s
design to leave the selection of the President to the people…and to the
political sphere. When contending parties invoke the process of the courts,
however, it becomes our unsought responsibility to resolve the federal and
constitutional issues which the judicial system has been forced to confront</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">.”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[223] To the same effect, learned counsel cited the South
African case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Minister of Health v. Treatment Action Campaign</i></b> 2002 (5) SA 721
(CC), in which it was thus held:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Courts
are ill-suited to adjudicate upon issues where court orders could have multiple
social and economic consequences for the community. The Constitution
contemplates rather a restrained and focused role for the courts, namely, to
require the state to take measures to meet its constitutional obligations and
to subject the reasonableness of these measures to evaluation.Such
determination of reasonableness may in fact have budgetary implications….In this
way the judicial, legislative and executive functions achieve appropriate
constitutional balance.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[224]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was
counsel’s argument that, by such restraint, the Court would be contributing to
national stability by preserving its “political capital” for those rare
occasions when, as history unfolds, it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">may</i>
become appropriate to deploy it. And so, for day-to-day situations, the Supreme
Court ought to limit the “number of major principled interventions” it can make
[see A.M. Bickel in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harvard Law Review</i></b>, Vol. 75 (1961), pp.40, 75].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[225]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In agreement
with the foregoing line of reasoning, learned counsel Mr. Ngatia, for the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent, submitted that:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“what is
before the Court is a political contest”; “for all politicians, their business
is to offer themselves for elections; that of IEBC is to conduct elections;
that of the people is to decide.” Counsel submitted that in an electoral
contest such as the instant one, “the Court should have a very limited role.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[226]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this
inaugural Supreme Court which is barely two years old, and which is at the
centre of the governance processes established under the Constitution of Kenya,
2010, it is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">first time</i> the Judges
are called upon to declare their perception of their role in a fundamentally
political-cum-constitutional process. It is particularly significant that the
organ which is the subject of dispute is the most crucial agency of the
Executive Branch, namely the Presidency. The new Constitution will not be fully
operational, without the Presidential office being duly filled, as provided by
the Constitution and the ordinary law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[227] But the Constitution not only represents a special and
historic compact among <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thepeople;</i> it
expressly declares all powers of governance to emanate from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the people</i>, and to be for service to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the people</i>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Article 1 of the Constitution</b> thus provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1) All sovereign power
belongs to the people of Kenya and shall be exercised only in accordance with
this Constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(2) The people may
exercise their sovereign power directly or through their democratically elected
representatives.” <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[228] What is now before the Court is a case in which the
people, as makers and main beneficiaries of the Constitution, have employed the
prescribed machinery, and cast their votes, in exercise of their political will
to elect the leading member of the Executive Branch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[229] What principle ought to guide this Court in its
attempts to resolve the electoral question?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[230]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Without as yet
deciding the main question in the contest, we express the opinion that, in the
special circumstances of this case, an insightful judicial approach is
essential. There may be an unlimited number of ways in which such an approach
is to guide the Court. But the fundamental one, in our opinion, is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fidelity to the terms of the Constitution,</i>
and of such other law as objectively reflects the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">intent and purpose of the Constitution</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(v)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Technology in Kenya’s Electoral Process<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[231]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The main
Petition before this Court is founded, significantly, on the contention that
the Petitioner was prejudiced by an inconsistent application of electronic
devices and, in particular, by IEBC’s abandonment of such technology and resort
to the manual electoral procedure. While there is sufficient evidence to guide
the Court in this matter, it is apposite to set out relevant principles on the
application of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">electronic technology</i>
in elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[232] Failure of technology is relied upon by the
Petitioners, on the footing that it disrupted the transmission of election
results, and so, these results ceased to be in keeping with the secure
standards required by law. The Petitioners contend that section 39 of the
Elections Act, 2011 as read with Regulation 82 of the Elections (General)
Regulations, 2012 creates a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mandatory
obligation to provide for the electronic transmission of the results.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[233] We take judicial notice that, as with all
technologies, so it is with electoral technology: it is rarely perfect, and
those employing it must remain open to the coming of new and improved
technologies. Analogy may be drawn with the traditional refereeing methods in
football which, as their defects became apparent, were not altogether
abandoned, but were complemented with television-monitoring, which enabled
watchers to detect errors in the pitch which had occurred too fast for the
referees and linesmen and lineswomen to notice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[234]In the instant case, there is evidence that the EVID
and RTS technologies were used in the electoral process at the beginning, but
they later stalled and crashed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Different
reasons explain this failure but, by the depositions of Dismus Ong’ondi, the
failure mainly arose from the misunderstandings and squabbles among IEBC
members during the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">procurement process</i>
– squabbles which occasioned the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">failure
to assess the integrity of the technologies in good time.</i>It is, indeed,
likely that the acquisition process was marked by competing interests involving
impropriety, or even criminality: and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">we recommend that this matter be entrusted
to the relevant State agency, for further investigation and possible
prosecution of suspects. <o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[235] But as regards the integrity of the election itself,
what lawful course could IEBC have taken after the transmission technology
failed? There was no option, in our opinion, but to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">revert to the manual electoral system</i>, as was done. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[236]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We note from
the evidence that the said manual system, though it did serve as a vital
fall-back position, has itself a major weakness which IEBC has a public duty to
set right. The ultimate safeguard for the voter registration process, namely
“the Green Book”, has data that is not backed-up, just in case of a fire, or
other like calamity. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We signal this as an urgent item of the agenda
of the IEBC, and recommend appropriate redressive action</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[237] From case law, and from Kenya’s electoral history, it
is apparent that electronic technology has <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not </i></b>provided perfect solutions. Such
technology has been inherently undependable, and its adoption and application
has been only <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">incremental,</i> over time.
It is not surprising that the applicable law has entrusted a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">discretion </i>to IEBC, on the application
of such technology as may be found appropriate. Since such technology has not
yet achieved a level of reliability, it cannot as yet be considered a permanent
or irreversible foundation for the conduct of the electoral process. This <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">negates the Petitioner’s contention</i>
that, in the instant case, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">injustice, or
illegality in the conduct of election would result, if IEBC did not
consistently employ electronic technology</i>. It follows that the Petitioner’s
case, insofar as it attributes nullity to the Presidential election on grounds
of failed technological devices, is not sustainable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(vi)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Institutional Independence, Discharge of
Public <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Responsibility, and
Exercise of Discretion<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 58.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[238] A major element in the Petitioner’s case turns on the
Constitution’s conferment upon IEBC of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">institutional
independence</i>, as a basis for the discharge of its public, electoral
responsibility. How ought the responsibility to be exercised, and what is the role
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">discretion</i> in this?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[239] The Petitioners impugn the manner in which IEBC
conducted the tallying of votes at the National Tallying Centre, and in
particular, the fact that the Commission had, at some stage, restricted the
operations of political party agents during the tallying. The 1<sup>st</sup>
and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">admitted</i>
having imposed certain limitations on the said agents, but averred that such
action was taken in exercise of essential discretion. These Respondents aver
that, sometime in the evening of 5<sup>th</sup> March, 2013, the political
party agents inside the tallying hall became rowdy and quarrelsome, and engaged
IEBC staff in paralyzing confrontations. IEBC responded to the mischief by
taking the decision to relocate the party agents to a boardroom in the
auditorium at the National Tallying Centre, where they were regularly supplied
with the forms and documents necessary for the verification of vote-tallies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[240]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Was this a
lawful exercise of discretion by IEBC?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Did such exercise of discretion vitiate the quality of tallying, and of the
electoral process, so as to lead to the conclusion that the electoral process
was not lawfully conducted?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[241] The Constitution, by Article 138(3)(c), takes
cognizance of the fact that the counting of votes takes place at the polling
stations, after which IEBC tallies, verifies and declares the results. On this
basis, it is clear that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">IEBC has the
mandate</i> to count, tally and verify the voting results. However, Regulation
85(1)(e) of the Elections (General) Regulations, 2012 allows political party
agents to be present at the Tallying Centre. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[242] What is the legal and public standing of the party
agents at the National Tallying Centre?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In our opinion, it is all about the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">public
perception</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legitimacy</i>, which
are of the essence in a distinctly political process such as a Presidential
election. IEBC is expected to operate <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">transparently,</i>
without retreating from the public forum of visibility, and without disengaging
from the stakeholders of the electoral process. However, as there is no sharp
definition of the mode of such engagement, IEBC is to be guided by the “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">national values and principles of governance</i>”
declared in the Constitution, namely “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">good
governance, integrity, transparency and accountability”</i> [Article 10(2)(c)].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[243]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such values, in
the context of a large-scale exercise such as the Presidential election, will
operate optimally only in conditions of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">good
order,peace</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">security</i>; and it
is in the first place the responsibility of the machinery of IEBC to ensure
that such conditions prevail. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Discretion </i>is
of the essence, in the exercise of such responsibility: and it follows, as the
basic evidence of the state of affairs at the National Tallying Centre was not
contested, that IEBC, indeed, had <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an
obligation</i> to resolve any kind of impasse afflicting the tallying of
Presidential-election votes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[244]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This Court has
had occasion, in the past, to pronounce itself on the proper functioning of the
various independent Commissions and agencies established under the
Constitution. The following two passages in the Court’s Ruling, from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inthe
Matter of the Interim Independent Electoral Commission</i></b>, Sup. Ct. Const.
Application No. 2 of 2011, are apposite:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 27.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“[It
is] a matter [of] which we take judicial notice, that the real purpose of the
‘independence clause’ with regard to [the] Commissions and independent offices
established under the Constitution, was to provide a safeguard against undue
interference with such Commissions or offices by other persons, or other institutions
of government.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 27.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 27.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“[While]
bearing in mind that the various Commissions and independent offices are
required to function free of subjection to ‘direction or control by any person
or authority’, we hold that this expression is to be accorded its ordinary and
natural meaning and it means that the Commissions and independent offices, in
carrying out their functions, are not to take orders or instructions from
organs or persons outside their ambit.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[245]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the
principles we have set out, and from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">evidence</i>
on record, we are able to dispose of the issue regarding the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tallying of votes at the National Tallying
Centre.</i> We must come to the conclusion that tallying was indeed conducted
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">accordance with the law</i>, and the
relocation of political party agents <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">did
not</i> undermine the credibility of the tallying, nor provide a basis for
annulling the outcome of the Presidential election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[246] A related claim by the Petitioner is that there were
instances in which the vote-tallying operation inflated the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondent’s votes, while deflating the Petitioner’s. What is offered as proof
of this assertion is only the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">apprehension</i>
that the initial electronic vote-transmission had maintained a suspect, steady
differential between the two sets of tallies – and that this suggested
manipulation and impropriety on the part of IEBC. The Petitioner, besides,
sought to introduce belatedly, during the submissions, certain information
suggesting mismatches between the contents of Forms 34 and 36 used at the
National Tallying Centre. Hardly any matter of significance, at this stage,
came before the Court such as would alter the thrust of the overall evidence
and the submissions on law; and we must hold that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">no challenge to the tallying process </i>has been made such as to lead
to an order of annulment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 31.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(vii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Voter Register: Accuracy, Credibility, Verifiability –<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Implications for Validity of Election <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[247]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This Court will not, as already stated, make such orders or grant such
reliefs as would have the effect of precipitating conflicts between its
jurisdiction and that of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>other Courts.
However, as regards elections that run on common voter rolls and common
management settings, the Court may inquire into any allegations of
voter-registration malpractices, where such are said to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">affect the validity of a Presidential election</i>. Such, indeed, are
the allegations by the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner, regarding the credibility of
the voter register that was used during the elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March,
2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[248]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Petitioners’ cases turn on the validity or
invalidity of the “Principal Register of Voters.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The point was taken up in evidence, and was
substantially canvassed in the submissions. What is the “Principal Register of
Voters”?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the light of the provisions
of the Constitution [Articles 38(3) and 83] and of the Elections Act, 2011
[Sections 2, 3, 4], and of the evidence adduced in Court, we must conclude that
such a register is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not a single document</i>,
but is an amalgam of several parts prepared to cater for divers <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">groups of electors</i>. The number of parts
of a register and the diversity of electors for whom it is prepared, is
dictated by law, and the prevailing demographic circumstances of the country’s
population. The register can also take several forms, as contemplated by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Section 2 of the Elections Act</b>, which
stipulates that such a register <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“includes
a register compiled electronically.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[249]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
multiplicity of registers is a reality of Kenya’s voter registration system
which is recognized in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">law </i>and widely
acknowledged in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">practice.</i> The
register once developed and finalized, is disaggregated and dispersed to
various electoral units, to facilitate the process of voting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such units include the polling stations, the
wards, the constituencies, the counties, and even the Diaspora voting centres. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[250] It is plain to the Court that the argument
of the Petitioners that the Presidential elections of 4<sup>th</sup> March,
2013 could only have been based on the BVR element of the Principal Register of
Voters, is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">not </b>tenable; nor is it tenable
to contend that the BVR Register all by itself, was the Principal Register of
Voters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[251]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To
guarantee the credibility of the voter register, the agency entrusted with
responsibility (IEBC) for voter registration must ensure as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">all
those who turn out to register are qualified to be registered, in accordance
with the constitutional and legal requirements;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 1.5in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">all
those who turn out to register are actually registered and their particulars
accurately captured;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
administrative arrangements put in lace to facilitate the registration process
are simple, transparent and <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">accessible;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
public and political actors are kept informed of the various steps in the
register-preparation process;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
resultant register is verifiable.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[252] We are inclined to accept the explanations
given by the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents, of the mode of
compilation of the voters’ roll. The depositions of the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondent and of Immaculate Kassait, and especially when taken alongside the
submissions of learned counsel, Mr. Nyamodi, have conveyed a credible account
on the manner in which the voters’ register used in the 4<sup>th</sup> March,
2013 Presidential election, was prepared. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">legal burden of showing</i> that the voters’ register as compiled and
used, was in any way in breach of the law, or compromised the voters’ electoral
rights, was not, in our opinion, discharged by the Petitioners. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[253]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An
intriguing point about the integrity of the voters’ register was as regards a
“Special Register”, which shows different numbers of voters at different times
(31,318 at one remove, and 36,236 at another remove). It was deponed in the
affidavit of Winifred Guchu, that the “Special Register” had been created to
provide for persons whose features could not be captured by the BVR device.
Counsel for the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner had urged that the “Special Register”
was not only irregular in character, but that it had been used exclusively in
the stronghold voting areas of the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This serious allegation, which could well
taint the credibility of the election, was stoutly contested by learned
counsel, M/s. Nyaoga, Nyamodi and Nani for the 1<sup>st</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Respondents who relied on the affidavit evidence of Dismus Ong’ondi and
Immaculate Kassait. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[254]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On
the basis of the evidence on record, and of the merits of the submissions by
counsel, we find no mystery about the “Special Register”, which was indeed used
throughout the country, in diverse electoral areas. We also found no proof that
the Special Register served any improper cause, in favour of any of the
candidates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[255]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
was urged for the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner, that the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondents had compiled the “Green Book” which was not provided for in the law
– and that the Green Book undermined both the credibility and the legality of
the registration process. In our finding, from the evidence, the “Green Book”,
though not provided for in law, is a primary document that was used by the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent to originate the primary register of voters, which later evolved
into a Provisional Register, and then a Final Principal Register. It is not
apparent to us that such an original record, the “Green Book,” employed by
IEBC, required to be provided for by law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[256] The 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner also cited
variations in the numbers of registered voters, as a factor of illegality in
the conduct of the Presidential election. Learned counsel, Mr. Oraro submitted
that at the close of the register on 18<sup>th</sup> December, 2012 the total
number of registered voters was 14,333,339; but that at the time of
gazettement, the number was shown as 14,352,455. We have, however, found no
major anomalies between the total number of registered voters and the total
tally in the declaration of Presidential-election results made by the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondent on 9<sup>th</sup> March, 2013. Although, as we find, there were many
irregularities in the data and information-capture during the registration
process, these were not so substantial as to affect the credibility of the
electoral process; and besides, no credible evidence was adduced to show that
such irregularities were premeditated and introduced by the 1<sup>st</sup>
Respondent, for the purpose of causing prejudice to any particular candidate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[257]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These findings lead us to the conclusion that the voter registration
process was, on the whole, transparent, accurate, and verifiable; and the voter
register compiled from this process did serve to facilitate the conduct of
free, fair and transparent elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(viii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Question of “Rejected Votes”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[258]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>From the
submissions of counsel, it emerged that “rejected votes” are marked ballot
papers that fail to comply with the approved marking format, or in some way
infringe the prescribed vote-casting standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Such votes, at the time of counting, are not tallied to the advantage of
any candidate, but are accumulated separately and numbered in the category of
“rejected votes”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[259]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Yet, by Article
138(4) of the Constitution it is provided:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“A candidate shall be declared elected as
President if the<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>candidate receives – <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 27.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">more
than half of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">all the votes cast</b> in the election; and <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 27.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">at
least twenty-five per cent of the votes cast in each of more than half of the
counties.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[260]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What are “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all the votes cast”</i>?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Do these include even the “rejected votes”,
which, of course, were <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cast</b>?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or are they limited to the properly-marked
ballots which figured in the vote-tally for the individual candidates?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[261]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The expression “all the votes cast,” presents
a problem of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interpretation – because
the Court has to consider the prevailing position under the earlier instrument,
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Constitution of Kenya, 1969.</b> The
corresponding provision in that Constitution provided as follows [Section 5
(5)(e)]:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 31.5pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“the
candidate for President who receives a greater number of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">valid votes cast </b>in the presidential election than any
othercandidate who, in addition, receives a minimum of twenty-five per cent of
the votes cast in at least five of the eight provinces shall be declared to be
elected as President”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 1.2in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[262] <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is it intended, in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Constitution of Kenya, 2010</b> that the expression “more than half of
all the votes cast” should mean, literally, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">all theballot papers</b> that were marked and cast into the ballot
box?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or should it mean only all the
valid votes that were cast, and were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">counted
in favour of one candidate or another?<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[263]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
question became contentious because the 3<sup>rd</sup>Petitioner raised it;but
other parties then latched on to it. Counsel for the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent
contested all expansive interpretation of the phrase “all the votes cast,” on
the basis that his client would be the loser, while the Petitioner would gain.
It was significant to the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent for the reason, as he
believed, that if all the “rejected votes” were included in the computation of
vote-tally percentages, then it would raise the 1<sup>st</sup>Petitioner’s
percentage-tally towards the 50% mark, and lower his own tally to a figure
below 50% –<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the direct effect being that
the Court would have to order a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">run-off
election</i> between the two leading candidates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not surprisingly, a Petitioner in Petition
No. 3 of 2013 had moved the Court not only to exclude the “rejected votes” in
the Presidential-election tally, but to go further and, on that basis, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">order a re-calculation and re-tally of the
votes properly attributable to each of the candidates.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His hopes were that the Court would, in this
way, reach a finding that the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent’s percentage vote-tally
was significantly above 50%.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">already held,</i> however, that such a
process of re-tallying of votes, re-computing and re-assignment of value, falls
beyond the election-contest mandate of this Court, and is excluded by the “rule
of remoteness”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[264]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Petitioners in Petition No. 3 of 2013 argued their case on the basis of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elections (General) Regulations, 2012</b> –
Regulations 71, 73, 77 and 78.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
urged that these Regulations draw a distinction between the words “ballot”, and
“vote”, even though these were sometimes used interchangeably.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Counsel urged that the terms “ballot” and
“ballot paper” describe the paper containing the names of the candidates in
relation to which the voter expresses a preference through the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vote</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
– </b>so that the “vote” is a ballot paper that has been <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">marked to show a preference</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On the basis of Regulation 78(2), learned counsel, Mr. Regeru, urged
that a “rejected ballot paper” is null and void:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and so, all rejected ballots <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">should not give the basis for determining
the winner of an election, </i>at any stage whatsoever.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[265]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Petitioners in Petition No. 3 of 2013 relied on the terms of the Elections Act,
2011;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>these define ballot paper as –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .8in; margin-right: 31.5pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“[a]
paper used to record the choice made by a voter and shall include an electronic
version of a ballot paper or its equivalent for the purposes of voting.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">They submitted that a ballot paper becomes a
vote only once it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">expresses a preference </i>for,
or against a candidate; and the term “rejected vote” is, therefore, a
misnomer:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>what the law contemplates is a
“rejected ballot paper,” and not a “rejected vote”; a ballot paper once
rejected, or declared void by law, is incapable of expressing any preference
for, or against a candidate. On this account, it was urged, invalid ballot
papers cannot be introduced into the percentage-vote tallying process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[266]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Learned
counsel for the Petitioners in Petition No. 3 of 2013 introduced the
comparative judicial practice in electoral matters, in support of their
case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They invoked the Seychelles case, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Popular
Democratic Movement v. Electoral Commission,</i></b>Const. Case No. 16 of 2011
which had come up before the Constitutional Court; and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Burhan, J held that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 40.5pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rejected ballot papers are not to be counted as ‘votes’; and therefore
the term ‘votes cast’ cannot and will not include ‘rejected’ ballot papers.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[267]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The
1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Respondents’ answer was that, in using the
“rejected votes” in the calculation of threshold-percentages in the
Presidential election vote-tally, they had acted in good faith, in particular
as the relevant provisions of the Constitution (Articles 86(b) and 138(4)) did
not expressly provide that “rejected votes” should not be counted or considered
in the computation of percentages as envisaged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[268]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Conceding that there is an uncertainty as to the effect of the expression “all
the votes cast” in Article 138(4) of the Constitution, the 1<sup>st</sup>and 2<sup>nd</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respondents called upon this Court to provide a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">guiding interpretation.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[269]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
line of submissions made in Court is that the expression “all votes cast”, as
used in Article 138(4) of the Constitution as read together with the Elections
Act, 2011 and the Elections (General) Regulations, 2012 requires a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">broad, purposive interpretation</i> in the
context of constitutional principles; and that this will lead to the exclusion
of “rejected votes” in the computation of the percentage-vote requirement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[270] There is a contrasting line of submission
by the 4<sup>th</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> Petitioners: that Article 138(4) of
the Constitution entails no ambiguity, and that a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">literal interpretation</i> is to be preferred; and the consequence is
an inclusion of the “rejected votes” in the computation of the winning
percentage-threshold.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[271]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Neither the Constitution nor the Elections Act, 2011 defines the term “rejected
votes”. The Elections (General) Regulations, 2012, while providing for the
“spoilt ballot paper” and the “disputed vote”, does not define the term
“rejected vote”: but it sets out the criteria upon which a ballot may be
“rejected”; and although a Regulation bears the rubric “rejected ballot papers”
in the marginal note, its provisions only indicate the circumstances in which a
vote becomes invalid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[272]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
interpretation section of the Elections Act states that ‘ballot paper’ “means a
paper used to record the choice made by a voter and shall include an electronic
version of a ballot paper or its equivalent for purposes of electronic voting”.
The Elections (General) Regulations, 2012 defines ‘rejected ballot paper’ as a
ballot paper rejected in accordance with Regulations 77 and 78.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[273]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Regulation 77 of the Elections (General) Regulations, 2012 which relates to the
rejection of ballot papers, thus provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(1)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the counting of votes at an election, any
ballot paper – <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.35in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">which
does not bear the security features determined by the Commission;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.75in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">on
which votes are marked, or appears to be marked against the names of, more than
one candidate;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">on
which anything is written or so marked as to be uncertain for whom the vote has
been cast;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: 27.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">which
bears<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a serial number different from the
serial number of the respective polling station and which cannot be verified
from the counterfoil of ballot papers used at that polling station; or<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">is
unmarked, shall… be void and shall not be counted.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.9in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[274]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The
expression “rejected ballot paper” may be considered alongside “spoilt ballot
paper” which is provided for in Regulation 71:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 1.0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 31.5pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“A
voter who has inadvertently dealt with his or her ballot paper in such a manner
that it cannot be conveniently used as a ballot paper may, on delivering it to
the presiding officer and proving to the satisfaction of such officer the fact
of the inadvertence, obtain another ballot paper in the place of the ballot
paper so delivered and the spoilt paper shall be immediately cancelled and the
counterfoil thereof marked accordingly.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[275]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The law, thus, is clear: the “spoilt ballot
paper” will not find its way into a ballot box – and so, it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">does not count as a vote.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[276]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Regulation 78 provides for yet another category of votes, known as the
“disputed vote”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is thus provided
[Reg. 78(2)]:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“The
presiding officer shall mark every ballot paper counted but whose validity has
been disputed or questioned by a candidate or an agent with the word ‘disputed’
but such ballot paper shall be treated as valid for the purpose of the
declaration of election results at the polling station.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[277]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The
comparative experience shows that different countries refer to votes cast by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">different terms</i>, and assign <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">differing consequences</i> to the
contrasting categories of votes. In countries such as Ghana, Cyprus and
Portugal, the winner in an election is determined only by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valid votes cast</i>. Under the Constitution
of Seychelles, the broad term “votes cast”, just as in Kenya, has been adopted;
and it became necessary for the Constitutional Court, in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Popular Democratic Movement v.
Electoral Commission</i></b>(supra) to hold upon a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">literal interpretation</i>, that “votes cast” included both <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">spoilt votes</i> and valid votes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Objections were raised, and this matter came
before the Court of Appeal, which overturned the decision,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and held that the term “votes cast” must be
construed to mean only <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valid votes cast.</i>The
Court of Appeal remarked that, to count spoilt votes and ascribe to them the
quality of valid votes, is improper as it entails converting the “latent vote”
of the elector into a “patent vote” – and such an approach would render
meaningless the distinction between<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">spoilt votes </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">valid votes.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[278]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
most striking example of a departure from the foregoing line of reasoning is
found in the Constitution of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Croatia,</i></b>
Article 95 of which provides that “the President shall be elected by a majority
of all electors who voted”, thus in the tallying of votes, invalid votes are
taken into account.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[279]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> By
Article 82(d) of the Constitution of Kenya, Parliament is empowered to enact
legislation to provide for the conduct of elections and referenda, and for the
regulation and efficient supervision of elections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Parliament did enact the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elections Act, 2011 (Act No. 24 of 2011),</b> which confers upon IEBC
the power to make regulations for the conduct of elections. The Act (Section
109(1)(p)) provides that IEBC may make Regulations to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“prescribe
the procedure to be followed in the counting of votes and the circumstances in
which votes may be rejected by a returning officer as being invalid”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[280]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Regulations made by IEBC have no provision for “rejected votes”, though they
provide for “rejected ballot papers”, “spoilt ballot papers”, and “disputed
votes”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is clear that “spoilt ballot
papers” are those which are not placed in the ballot box, but are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cancelled</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">replaced</i>where necessary, by the presiding officer at the polling
station. This differs from the “rejected ballot papers” which, although placed
in the ballot-box, are subsequently <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">declared
invalid, </i>on account of certain factors specified in the election
regulations – such as fraud, duplicity of marking, and related shortfalls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[281]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> No
law and no Regulation brings out any distinction between “vote” and “ballot
paper”, even though both the governing statute and its Regulations have used
these terms interchangeably.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have to
draw the inference that neither the Legislature, nor IEBC, had attached any
significance to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">possibility of
differing meanings; </i>which leads us to the conclusion that a ballot paper
marked and inserted into the ballot-box, has consistently been perceived as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vote;</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>thus, the ballot paper marked and inserted into the ballot-box will be a
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valid vote</i> or a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rejected vote</i>, depending on the elector’s compliance with the
applicable standards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[282]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since,
in principle, the compliant ballot paper, or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the vote</i>, counts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in favour of
the intended candidate</i>, this is the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valid
vote</i>; but the non-compliant ballot paper, or vote, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">will not count in the tally of any candidate;</i> it is not only <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rejected,</i> but is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">invalid,</i> and confers no electoral advantage upon any candidate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[283]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> In
that sense, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the rejected vote is void</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This leads to the crucial question in
Petition No. 3:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">why should such a vote, or ballot paper which is incapable of
conferring upon any candidate a numerical advantage, be made the basis of
computing percentage accumulations of votes</i>, so as to ascertain that one or
the other candidate attained the threshold of 50% + 1 – and so such a candidate
should be declared the outright winner of the Presidential election, and there
should be no run-off election?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[284]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> We
can only answer such a logical question by adverting to the Judiciary’s mandate
as specified in Article 259(1) (d) of the Constitution: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">to interpret the Constitution in a manner that “contributes to good
governance”.</i>Beyond that,Article 259 requires an interpretation that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(a) promotes [the Constitution’s]
purposes, values and principles;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(b) advances the rule of law and the
human rights and fundamental<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>freedoms in
the Bill of Rights;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“(c)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>permits the development of the law……”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The instrument of implementation of the above
provisions is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Supreme Court Act,
2011 (Act No. 7 of 2011),</b> which thus provides in Section 3:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“The
object of this Act is to make further provision with respect to the operation
of the Supreme Court as a court of final judicial authority to, among other
things – <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>assert the supremacy of the Constitution and
the sovereignty of the people of Kenya;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">provide
authoritative and impartial interpretation of the Constitution;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>develop rich jurisprudence that respects
Kenya’s history and traditions and facilitates its social, economic and
political growth….”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[285]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Taking
into account the progressive character of the Constitution, and in particular
its declared “national values and principles of governance” [Article 10], we
hereby render the interpretation that the provision of Article 138(4),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“A
candidate shall be declared elected as president if the candidate receives –<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>more than half of all votes cast in the election;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">at
least twenty-five per cent of the votes cast in each of more than half of the
counties” – </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">refers only to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">valid votes cast</i>, and does not include ballot papers, or votes,
cast but are later rejected for non-compliance with the terms of the governing
law and Regulations. We are, in this regard, guided by a purposive<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>approach, founded on the overall design
and intent of the Constitution. We respectfully agree, on this point, with the
position taken by the Constitutional Court of Seychelles in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Popular
Democratic Movement v. Electoral Commission</i></b> (see para. 266, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">supra</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">(ix) Possible
Reliefs:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A “Fresh Election?”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[286] The Attorney-General, as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amicus
curiae</i></b>, invited the Court to give directions on a line of relief
declared by the Constitution, depending on the finding on merits.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Article 138(5)</b> of the Constitution
stipulates that if after the hearing of the Petition, the Court finds no
candidate to have been duly elected, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a
fresh election shall be held within thirty days after the previous election and
in that fresh election the only candidates shall be – <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
candidate, or the candidates, who received the greatest number of votes; and<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
candidate, or the candidates, who received the second greatest number of
votes.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[287]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The expression “a fresh election” appears
also in Article 140(3), which thus provides:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">“If the Supreme Court
determines the election of the President-elect to be invalid, a fresh election
shall be held within sixty days after the determination.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As the phrase “fresh election,”
as used in Article 140(3), does not tally with its application in Article
138(2) and (3), the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amicus curiae</i></b> sought the Court’s answer to the following
question: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Does the fresh election
anticipated by Article 140(3) mean an entirely new Presidential election
(including the nomination process), or does [it] mean a similar election as
that anticipated under Article 138(5) and (7) – with the same candidates as in
the earlier poll?”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[288] Article 138(4) provides
that a candidate shall be declared elected if the candidate receives: (a) more
than half of all the votes cast in the election; and (b) at least 25% of the
votes cast in each of more than half of the counties. Article 138(5) provides
that if no candidate is elected, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a fresh
election</i> shall be held within 30 days following the previous election, and
in this later election the candidates shall be:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(a) the candidate, or the candidates, who received the greatest number
of votes; and (b) the candidate, or the candidates, who received the second
greatest number of votes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Article 138
(6) provides that if more than one candidate receives the greatest number of
votes, then Article 138(5)(b) shall not apply and the only candidates in the
fresh election shall be those contemplated in Article 138(5)(a). Article 138(7)
provides that the candidate who receives the most votes in the fresh election
shall be declared elected as President.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[289] It is clear that a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fresh election</i> under Article 140(3) is
triggered by the invalidation of the election of the declared President-elect,
by the Supreme Court, following a successful petition against such election. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since such a fresh election is built on the
foundations of the invalidated election, it can, in our opinion, only involve
candidates who participated in the original election. In that case, there will
be no basis for a fresh nomination of candidates for the resultant electoral
contest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[290]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suppose, however, that the candidates, or a
candidate who took part in the original election, dies or abandons the
electoral quest before the scheduled date: then the provisions of Article
138(1) (b) would become applicable, with fresh nominations ensuing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[291]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barring the foregoing scenario, does the
“fresh election” contemplated under Article 140(3) bear the same meaning as the
one contemplated under Article 138(5) and (7)? The answer depends on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nature of the petition that invalidated the
original election.</i> If the petitioner was only <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">one</i></b> of the candidates,
and who had taken the second position in vote-tally to the President-elect,
then the “fresh election” will, in law, be confined to the petitioner and the
President-elect. And all the remaining candidates who did not contest the
election of the President-elect, will be assumed to have either conceded
defeat, or acquiesced in the results as declared by IEBC; and such candidates
may not participate in the “fresh election.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[292]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such, indeed, is the situation in the instant
case. It follows that if this Court should invalidate the election of the 3<sup>rd</sup>
and 4<sup>th</sup> Respondents, only the 1<sup>st</sup> Petitioner would
participate as a contestant in the “fresh election” against the
President-elect. And the candidate who receives the most votes in the fresh
election would be declared elected as President. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[293]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But suppose a successful petition challenging
the President-elect were filed by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">more
than one candidate</i> who had participated in the original election. The only candidates
in the fresh election, in such a case, in our opinion, would be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the petitioners</i> as well as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">declared President-elect</i> whose election
had been annulled. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[294]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suppose further, that the election of a
declared President-elect is annulled following the petition of a person who was
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not
</i></b>a candidate in the original election. In such a case, in our opinion,
each of the Presidential-election candidates in the original election would be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">entitled</i> to participate in the “fresh
election”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– and no fresh nominations
would be required.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">K.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DETERMINATION OF THE PETITIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[295]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">evidence</i> in the consolidated Petition
has been laid out in detail, and is the primary basis for disposing of the
several prayers. The Court has also considered various <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">questions of law</i> and of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">general
constitutional principle</i>, upon which the Petitioners rely in their
prayers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As such broader foundations to
the cases concerned specific prayers, and as the relevant issues were squarely
canvassed by counsel, we were able to make our findings, and embody the same at
various stages in this Judgment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[296]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But,
ultimately, the primary issue is the claim made by the Petitioners in Petitions
No. 4 and No. 5; and these resolve into the issue in Petition No. 5, namely: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Must the certificate of election as
President-elect, issued to the 3<sup>rd</sup> Respondent, be cancelled</i>; and
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">should an Order be made for a fresh
Presidential election to take place in Kenya?</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[297]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> The
evidence laid before the Court has to be considered on the basis of relevant principles
of law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the case law, it is clear
that an alleged wrong in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">electoral
process</i> cannot be rectified on the basis of the conventional yardsticks of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">civil</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">criminal law</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In criminal
law, proof must be “beyond any reasonable doubt”, as the liberties of the
subject are at stake and, failing absolute proof, an accused person must be set
at liberty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By contrast, in civil law,
which is private matter between two individuals, a wrong only needs to be proved
on a balance of probability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[298]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An
alleged breach of an electoral law, which leads to a perceived loss by a
candidate, as in the Presidential election which has led to this Petition,
takes different considerations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
office of President is the focal point of political leadership, and therefore,
a critical <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">constitutional office</i>.
This office is one of the main offices which, in a democratic system, are
constituted strictly on the basis of majoritarian expression. The whole
national population has a clear interest in the occupancy of this office which,
indeed, they themselves renew from time to time, through the popular vote.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[299]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a
basic principle, it should not be for the Court to determine who comes to
occupy the Presidential office; save that this Court, as the ultimate judicial
forum, entrusted under the Supreme Court Act, 2011 (Act No. 7 of 2011) with the
obligation to “assert the supremacy of the Constitution and the
sovereignty<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the people of Kenya” [s.3(a)],
must <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">safeguard the electoral process</i>
and ensure that individuals accede to power in the Presidential office, only in
compliance with the law regarding elections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[300]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> It
follows that this Court must hold in reserve the authority, legitimacy and
readiness to pronounce on the validity of the occupancy of that office, if there
is any major breach of the electoral law, as provided in the Constitution and
the governing law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[301]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
take judicial notice that Kenya, thanks to the relentlessness of the people’s
democratic struggles, has recently enacted for herself the current
Constitution, which assures for every citizen an opportunity for personal
security and for self-actualization in a free environment. The Judiciary in
general, and this Supreme Court in particular, has a central role in the
protection of that Constitution and in the realization of its fruits so these
may inure to all within our borders; and in the exercise of that role, we
choose to keep our latitude of judicial authority unclogged: so the Supreme
Court may be trusted to have a watchful eye over the play of the Constitution
in the fullest sense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even as we think
it right that this Court should not be a limiting factor to the enjoyment of
free political choices by the people, we hold ourselves ready to address and to
resolve any grievances which flow from any breach of the Constitution, and the
laws in force under its umbrella.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[302]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is in this context that we have given careful consideration to the special
facts of the instant case. We have set out the facts in detail, so these may
show us how the grievances arose, and what electoral problem there has
been.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We moved <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">suo motu</i></b>to have a
re-tallying of some of the data generated in the Presidential-election
proceedings<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[303]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
came to the conclusion that, by no means can the conduct of this election be said
to have been perfect, even though, quite clearly, the election had been of the
greatest interest to the Kenyan people, and they had voluntarily come out into
the polling stations, for the purpose of electing the occupant of the
Presidential office.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[304]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Did
the Petitioner clearly and decisively show the conduct of the election to have
been <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">so devoid of merits</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">so distorted, as not to reflect the expression
of the people’s electoral intent</i>? It is this <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">broad test</i> that should guide us in this kind of case, in deciding
whether we should disturb the outcome of the Presidential election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[305]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
have already considered the foundations of the main grievance: as regards the
acquisition of electronic technology for the electoral process; with regard to
the partial employment of such technology, before reverting to the manual
process; as regards the maintenance of a Voter Register; and in relation to the
tallying of votes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Firstly, we have
considered the extent to which any breach of the law would have been occasioned
in the several areas of operation, and whether such, would disclose
reprehensible conduct having the effect of negating the voters’ intent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[306]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secondly,
we have considered the evidence which came by way of depositions, and which was
vigorously canvassed by the parties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
summary, the evidence, in our opinion, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">does
not disclose any profound irregularity</i> in the management of the electoral
process, nor does it gravely impeach the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mode
of participation</i> in the electoral process by any of the candidates who
offered himself or herself before the voting public. It is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not evident,</i> on the facts of this case, that the candidate declared
as the President-elect had not obtained the basic vote-threshold justifying his
being declared as such.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[307]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
will, therefore, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">disallow</i> the
Petition, and uphold the Presidential- election results as declared by IEBC on
9<sup>th</sup> March, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[308]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Each
of the parties coming before us has sought orders as to costs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This, of course, is an adversarial system of
litigation; and therefore, parties will invariably be asking for costs, at the
conclusion of a matter such as this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[309]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yet
we have to take into account certain important considerations, in relation to
costs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is already clear that the
nature of the matters considered in a Presidential-election petition is unique.
Although the petitions are filed by individuals who claim to have moved the Court
in their own right, the constitutional issues are of a public nature – since
such an election is of the greatest importance to the entire nation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[310]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Besides,
this is a unique case, coming at a crucial historical moment in the life of the
new Kenyan State defined by a new Constitution, over which the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supreme Court</i> has a vital<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">oversight role</i>. Indeed, this Court
should be appreciative of those who chose to come before us at this moment,
affording us an opportunity to pronounce ourselves on constitutional questions
of special moment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accordingly, we do
not see this instance as just another opportunity for the regular professional-business
undertaking of counsel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[311] We do, however, greatly appreciate the
outstanding contribution of all counsel appearing before us in these historic
proceedings. We acknowledge them for their ingenuity and enterprise, in urging
before us the vital questions of law and evidence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">L.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ORDERS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[312]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In unanimity on the matters brought before us
in these proceedings, we make orders as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .85in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Petition No. 5 of 2013 in the
Consolidated Petitions be and is hereby dismissed.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .85in; tab-stops: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .85in; tab-stops: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .85in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Petition No. 4 of 2013 in the
Consolidated Petitions be and is hereby dismissed.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .85in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .85in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Petition
No. 3 of 2013 in the Consolidated Petitions, and with regard to the prayer for
Orders for the re-computation of vote-tally percentages by the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Respondent, is declined, for want of jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .85in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .85in; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Each party shall bear their own costs.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DATED</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ISSUED<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">NAIROBI</b> this………..day of …………………., 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">……………………………….…..<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
……………………………..………..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>W.M. MUTUNGA<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>
P.K. TUNOI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">CHIEF JUSTICE
& PRESIDENT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURTSUPREME COURT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">………………………………………<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span> …………….…………………………...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">M.K. IBRAHIM<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>
J.B. OJWANG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">JUSTICE OF THE
SUPREME COURT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME
COURT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">...................................................<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>............................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>S.C. WANJALA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>N.S.
NDUNGU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">JUSTICE OF THE
SUPREME COURT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>JUSTICE OF THE
SUPREME COURT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">I certify that this is a
true <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Copy
of the original<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>REGISTRAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><u>SUPREME
COURT OF KENYA</u></span></b>JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-72343571165638374512013-04-24T09:13:00.001+03:002013-04-24T09:13:34.311+03:00Welcome to Kenya National Bureau of Statistics<a href="http://www.knbs.or.ke/#.UXd3P4c3Dyk.blogger">Welcome to Kenya National Bureau of Statistics</a><br />
<br />
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-55686921419223740162013-03-29T03:25:00.003+03:002013-03-29T03:25:24.222+03:00Good FridayWhat makes Good Friday good?” you ask.<br />
A challenge! A rather daunting task.<br />
Some may dismiss it with a shrug and a smirk,<br />
And consider it another day off work.<br />
Others, religious, pious as such,<br />
Take a few minutes for a mournful watch;<br />
Merchants unlock their doors with glee,<br />
Anticipating the pre-Easter shopping spree.<br />
A bunny here, a chocolate egg there,<br />
Symbols of a society that doesn’t care.<br />
“Care?” you say, “Do you mean me?”<br />
“What’s there to care; how can this be?”<br />
It’s the cross, you forget, that rugged wood,<br />
That makes Good Friday eternally good.<br />
What’s so good about the death of an ancient man,<br />
Who died long before my life began?<br />
This man, who on this earth once trod,<br />
Was not only man, but the Son of God.<br />
That wood, that tree, that old rugged cross,<br />
Was the symbol of gain and the symbol of loss.<br />
To those who believe, it is the promise of gain;<br />
The hope that, like Jesus, we’ll rise again!<br />
For the skeptic, the doubter, the meaning is loss;<br />
An eternal gulf, which no one can cross.<br />
Good Friday is good, because of the death<br />
Of Jesus the Savior, who gave His last breath<br />
So you, friend, and I, could be cleared of our guilt,<br />
Redeemed by the blood of the Lamb that was spilt.<br />
Mourn not, my dear soul, for the death of the Lamb,<br />
For that cross made the bridge to the Great I AM.<br />
Christ paid the price, rose again to God’s side,<br />
And brought us next Sunday: the Resurrection-tide!<br />
<br />
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-67498664752452800662013-03-29T03:25:00.001+03:002013-03-29T03:25:22.335+03:00Good FridayWhat makes Good Friday good?” you ask.<br />
A challenge! A rather daunting task.<br />
Some may dismiss it with a shrug and a smirk,<br />
And consider it another day off work.<br />
Others, religious, pious as such,<br />
Take a few minutes for a mournful watch;<br />
Merchants unlock their doors with glee,<br />
Anticipating the pre-Easter shopping spree.<br />
A bunny here, a chocolate egg there,<br />
Symbols of a society that doesn’t care.<br />
“Care?” you say, “Do you mean me?”<br />
“What’s there to care; how can this be?”<br />
It’s the cross, you forget, that rugged wood,<br />
That makes Good Friday eternally good.<br />
What’s so good about the death of an ancient man,<br />
Who died long before my life began?<br />
This man, who on this earth once trod,<br />
Was not only man, but the Son of God.<br />
That wood, that tree, that old rugged cross,<br />
Was the symbol of gain and the symbol of loss.<br />
To those who believe, it is the promise of gain;<br />
The hope that, like Jesus, we’ll rise again!<br />
For the skeptic, the doubter, the meaning is loss;<br />
An eternal gulf, which no one can cross.<br />
Good Friday is good, because of the death<br />
Of Jesus the Savior, who gave His last breath<br />
So you, friend, and I, could be cleared of our guilt,<br />
Redeemed by the blood of the Lamb that was spilt.<br />
Mourn not, my dear soul, for the death of the Lamb,<br />
For that cross made the bridge to the Great I AM.<br />
Christ paid the price, rose again to God’s side,<br />
And brought us next Sunday: the Resurrection-tide!<br />
<br />
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-75454393002181648392013-02-11T03:21:00.005+03:002013-02-11T03:21:58.674+03:00The Democratic Way<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ccomputer%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ccomputer%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ccomputer%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Ghosts lived<br />
Everywhere<br />
And no where<br />
Clad like any other<br />
Looking for a prey<br />
<br />
<br />
Hunted was<br />
Freedom to think<br />
Dissention caused<br />
Death at blink<br />
<br />
<br />
Forced thoughts<br />
Drilled down throats<br />
Idealistic burden<br />
Swept across valleys<br />
<br />
<br />
Democratic evil<br />
Rode on law<br />
Commodity overrated<br />
Plunders of the wind<br />
<br />
<br />
Culpability covered<br />
Right under the conscience<br />
Scoffed on media<br />
Was dying truth<br />
<br />
<br />
Illustrated happiness<br />
Shams on flops<br />
Ridiculed order<br />
Institutionalized disorder<br />
<br />
<br />
Anomalies justified<br />
Called neo equity<br />
Unions dissolved<br />
By secret police<br />
<br />
<br />
Government of people<br />
Represented few<br />
The rest outgrew<br />
Considered carder<br />
<br />
<br />
Omnipresent smiles of<br />
Omnipotent General<br />
Amended at will was<br />
Commended army act<br />
<br />
<br />
Tyranny of tyrant<br />
Made to be standard<br />
Pompous speeches<br />
Profoundly branded<br />
<br />
<br />
Development measured<br />
By concrete / iron<br />
Poverty took toll<br />
Mothers killed infants<br />
<br />
<br />
Instigated nationalism<br />
Taken for granted<br />
Enticed civil war<br />
Bread of elite<br />
<br />
<br />
Flags fluttered<br />
Anthems sung<br />
The public wept<br />
And euphoric utopia<br />
Unhappily never ended!</div>
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-52771096094228431302013-02-09T10:47:00.001+03:002013-02-09T10:47:51.697+03:00Lent in the Catholic Church<a href="http://www.aboutcatholics.com/beliefs/lent-in-the-catholic-church/#.URX-sJjbTDc.blogger">Lent in the Catholic Church - About Catholics</a><br />
<br />
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-2054462632162090552013-02-08T03:57:00.000+03:002013-02-08T03:57:02.046+03:00DemocracyDemocracy, the Fat One cried -<br />
It’s ours, you lot haven’t a clue!<br />
We’re big, we’re the best, your way is all lies,<br />
For only OUR vision is true.<br />
<br />
Democracy! The Fat One yelled -<br />
We’ve worked on it ever so hard !<br />
We’re gonna make sure our democracy stays,<br />
And we’ll start by controlling our back yard.<br />
<br />
First we’ll begin by stealing all your gold,<br />
So OUR lifestyle stays pleasantly high;<br />
Then we’ll manipulate, cheat, to maintain a firm hold<br />
Until your hope will eventually die.<br />
<br />
Then we’ll seek power, because you are all fools,<br />
And not to be trusted with dreams:<br />
We’ll find the depraved and use them as tools<br />
And block off our ears to your screams.<br />
<br />
Now one day you’ll rise and the monsters will go,<br />
And this rebirth will be a new dawn -<br />
We’ll stifle your trade, watch your despair grow,<br />
And undermine you with our scorn.<br />
<br />
Oh! The Fat One is best, our democracy’s strong,<br />
We’re Masters, for that is our Fate!<br />
You’re way out of line, your ideas are all wrong,<br />
Let us substitute misery and hate.<br />
<br />
For this is the price that you have to pay<br />
To maintain OUR greatest ideal:<br />
Democracy’s easy when done our strange way -<br />
Just trample on others and steal!<br />
<br />
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-44122165845972151322013-02-05T23:22:00.001+03:002013-02-05T23:22:19.143+03:00Kenya tracks Facebook, Twitter for election ‘hate speech’<a href="http://www.brecorder.com/world/africa/104807-kenya-tracks-facebook-twitter-for-election-hate-speech.html#.URFp20CgRNg.blogger">Kenya tracks Facebook, Twitter for election ‘hate speech’</a><br />
<br />
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-11159542451444607972013-01-24T01:53:00.001+03:002013-01-24T01:53:01.299+03:00Fan united: Liverpool supporters urge nationwide revolt over sky-high away-end ticket prices<a href="http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/liverpool-fans-to-protest-outside-arsenals-1551698#.UQBplCH9qO4.blogger">Fan united: Liverpool supporters urge nationwide revolt over sky-high away-end ticket prices</a><br />
<br />
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-45316872955595243252013-01-07T21:00:00.001+03:002013-01-07T21:00:00.825+03:00At Datajam, Innovators and Entrepreneurs Unleash Open Data for Global Development<a href="http://blog.usaid.gov/2013/01/at-datajam-innovators-and-entrepreneurs-unleash-open-data-for-global-development/#.UOsNBmRjZZU.blogger">At Datajam, Innovators and Entrepreneurs Unleash Open Data for Global Development</a><br />
<br />
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-47453243871943239022012-12-24T15:50:00.001+03:002012-12-24T15:50:28.911+03:001212123st - Dis-Investment Policy of a South African Gazillinaire<a href="http://www.zapiro.com/cartoon/1363309-121223st#.UNg-EUxXpzN.blogger">1212123st - Dis-Investment Policy of a South African Gazillinaire</a><br />
<br />
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-74298211117100212562012-12-21T09:29:00.001+03:002012-12-21T09:29:39.070+03:00Kenyan smartphone security app, WipeOut Mobile <a href="http://www.cio.co.ke/news/main-stories/kenyan-smartphone-security-app,-wipeout-mobile-launches-at-ksh.-650#.UNQBesLC2h4.blogger">Kenyan smartphone security app, WipeOut Mobile launches at KSh. 650 - CIO East Africa</a><br />
<br />
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-89890731299513116722012-12-17T02:04:00.002+03:002012-12-17T02:04:35.704+03:00Grenade Crater Skys<pre>They say that you, a road builder
Had such love for our country
You rushed out and waved your torch
To call the grenades down on yourself
And save the road for the troops
As my unit passed on that worn road
The grenade crater reminded us of your story
Your grave is radiant with bright-colored stones
Piled high with love for you, a young girl
As I looked in the grenade crater where you died
The rain water became a patch of sky
Our country is kind
Water from the sky washes pain away
Now you lie down deep in the earth
As the sky lay down in that earthen crater
At night your soul sheds light
Like the dazzling stars
Did your soft white skin
Become a bank of white clouds?
By day I pass under a sun-flooded sky
And it is your sky
And that anxious, wakeful disc
Is it the sun, or is it your heart
Lighting my way
As I walk down the long road?
The name of the road is your name
Your death is a young girl's patch of blue sky
My soul is lit by your life
And my friends, who never saw you
Each has a different image of your face</pre>
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-84463825014673609912012-12-15T12:27:00.005+03:002012-12-15T12:27:35.913+03:00Dare To Be<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ccomputer%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ccomputer%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ccomputer%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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tired,<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dare to keep going.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>When times are tough,<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dare to be tougher.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>When love hurts you,<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dare to love again.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>When someone is
hurting,<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dare to help them
find the way.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>When a friend falls,<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dare to be the first
to extend a hand.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>When you cross path
with another,<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dare to make them
smile.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>When you feel great,<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dare to help someone
else feel great too.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>When the day has
ended,<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dare to feel as you
have done your best.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Date to be the best
you can-<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>At all times, dare to
be!<o:p></o:p></b></div>
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6407650935742575550.post-61421267095323961332012-12-04T07:55:00.001+03:002012-12-04T07:55:56.325+03:00WILLIAM RONO'S EVIDENCE<a href="http://www.gileshumphry.com/politics/library/18/#.UL2AopAkgaE.blogger">WILLIAM RONO'S EVIDENCE</a><br />
<br />
JCMTRedXRISTOShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11237048582426439616noreply@blogger.com0